評(píng)論
打印
DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER AND ITS COMPLICATIONS
癌癥的診斷與并發(fā)癥
General evaluation. The diagnosis of cancer can be simple or it can challenge all the skills of clinical investigation.
普遍診斷。癌癥的診斷可非常容易，也可挑戰(zhàn)臨床研究的所有技能。
In some instances metastatic tumors may be the first indication of cancer, and the primary lesion may escape efforts at detection.
有時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移癌可能是癌癥的第一指征，而原發(fā)損害卻難以發(fā)現(xiàn)。
The challenge is to detect cancer as early as possible, when it is most likely to be cured.
我們所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)癌癥，盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)增加治愈可能。
One third of new patients have in situ or localized cancer, one quarter have regional lymph node disease,
在所有新病人中，三分之一是原位癌，四分之一患局部淋巴結(jié)疾病，
and one third have distant disease；the remaining few per cent have disease of undefined stage.
三分之一有轉(zhuǎn)移性疾病，少數(shù)病患的病情階段尚未明確。
Early detection of localized disease is aided by an awareness of risk factors in the family history, personal habits (tobacco, alcohol, sun exposure) and occupational exposure (asbestos, chromium, benzene).
為盡早發(fā)現(xiàn)原位癌，我們要通過(guò)家族史、個(gè)人習(xí)慣（抽煙、飲酒、光照）以及職業(yè)性照射（石綿、鉻、苯）的危險(xiǎn)系數(shù)來(lái)扶助檢測(cè)。
It also requires attention to subtle and nonspecific symptoms of fatigue, weakness, weight loss, depression, headache, pain, changes in bowel habits,
還要注意疲勞、虛弱、減重、抑郁、頭疼、疼痛、排便、
persistent cough or hoarseness, rectal bleeding，and other clues from the history.
持續(xù)咳嗽、聲音嘶啞、直腸出血、家族史等細(xì)微或非特定癥狀。
In evaluating a patient who presents with nonspecific symptoms that might be indicators of malignancy, such as weight loss, fever, or fatigue,
在診斷有非特定癥狀的病患時(shí)，例如減重、高燒或疲勞，這些或是惡性腫瘤的標(biāo)志，
the physician should carefully examine all mucosal surfaces, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum for masses or ulcerated lesions.
醫(yī)生要細(xì)心檢測(cè)所有粘膜表面、乙狀結(jié)腸，直腸腫塊或潰瘍性病變。
In addition to elements of a routine examination, stool should be tested for occult blood.
除了常規(guī)檢測(cè)，糞便要進(jìn)行隱血試驗(yàn)。
More subtle clues may be seen in the skin with finding such as petechiae, hyper-pigmentation of skin folds (acanthosis nigricans) , or atypical moles (dysplastic nevi).
我們還可以在皮膚上發(fā)現(xiàn)細(xì)微征兆，例如淤點(diǎn)、皮皺深度過(guò)度（黑棘皮癥）或是非典型痣（發(fā)育不良性痣）
Attention should be paid to the presence of systemic cancer-associated effects, such as neuromyopathies.
要對(duì)出現(xiàn)的全身性癌癥病癥給予關(guān)注，比如神經(jīng)肌病。
Leads from laboratory testing may be found in unexplained anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypercalcemia, or elevation of serum LDH and acid or alkaline phosphatase levels.
實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢測(cè)提示不明原因的貧血，血小板減少，高鈣血癥以及血清乳酸脫氫酶、酸性磷酸酶和堿性磷酸酶水平的升高。
Other frequent harbingers of cancer are pulmonary nodules or radiolucent bone lesions associated with new bone pain.
其它常見(jiàn)先兆有肺結(jié)節(jié)，以及與新骨痛有關(guān)的透析性骨病。
譯文屬可可英語(yǔ)原創(chuàng)，未經(jīng)允許，不得轉(zhuǎn)載。
