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The ethics of surgical practice are complex and can be approached from a variety of theoretical frameworks.
外科醫生的行為道德準則較為復雜，并含有多種理論框架。
The most commonly applied framework for the evaluation of ethical dilemmas for individual patient decisions in medicine, known as "the principles approach" involves four principles：autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice, as promulgated by Beauchamp and Childress (2001).
就評估醫生的“倫理困境”來說，最常使用的理論框架是“倫理準則”，在比徹姆與柴爾德里斯發表的醫學著作中，將這些準則總結為：“自主、正義、行善及不傷害”。
A detailed analysis of these principles is beyond the scope here；however, the need for a code of medical ethics that is distinct from general societal ethics is the basis for medical professionalism.
本文不涉及此四項原則的具體分析，然而，醫學道德準則異于一般社會道德，是掌握醫學專業素養的先決條件。
Five features of medical relationships provide the moral imperatives that underlie the requirement for a professional ethical code separate from other forms of business.
醫患關系的五大特征體現了構成醫療職業道德準則的責任基礎，區別于其它行業。
One,the inequality in medical knowledge, and attendant vulnerability, of the patient；
第一，病患對醫理的掌握，以及病患自身狀況參差不齊；
Two,the requirement for the patient to trust the physician,known as the fiduciary nature of the relationship； ?
第二，病患要相信醫生，這也被稱之為“信托關系”；
Three,the moral nature of medical decisions that encompass both the technical aspects of health management and the ultimate effect on the patien's life?
第三，醫學道德準則既包括技術層面，還將最終影響病患生命；
Four,the nature of medical knowledge as a public property that physicians receive in order to apply to the practical improvement of patient's lives;
第四，作為一種公共財產，醫生需要用醫理來治病救人；
Five,the moral complicity of the physician in the outcome of the prescribed care in that no formal medical care can take place without the physician's collusion.
第五，醫生的倫理道德是治病救人的先決條件；
Because of these characteristics of the relationship between physicians and their patients, physicians must adhere to a set of ethical constraints specific to their profession.
由于醫患關系的種種特征，醫生必須要遵守一系列道德約束。
While these imperatives are not generally understood explicitly by patients, patients can clearly grasp when these principles are in danger.
普遍情況下，病患不會對這些要點一一明了，但若有醫生違反準則，病患自然清楚。
They may even be suspicious that their physician or surgeon has competing motives to the patient's best interest.
在保證病患權益上，病患甚至會懷疑醫生擁有矛盾性動機。
One of the goals of the physician-patient interaction is to allay these fears and construct a trusting relationship based on the patient's needs, within the principles noted above.
醫患溝通的目的之一就是要緩解病人的緊張感，在準則允許的范圍內，以病患需求出發，建立互信關系。
譯文屬可可英語原創，未經允許，不得轉載。
