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And increases in productivity, of course, come directly from the size of the national vestment in education and in research. J. K. Galbraith has rightly observed that"a dollar or a rupee invested in the intellectual improvement of human beings will regularly bring greater increase in national income than a dollar or rupee devoted to railways, dams, machine tools, or other tangible capital goods." These words accurately report the American national experience.
當然，這種生產率的提高直接來源于國家對教育和研究的投入。J·K·高伯瑞曾經恰當地指出：“在智力提高上投入的每一美元或盧比所帶來的國家收入，都大于將其投入鐵路、水壩及其工具，或其他有形生產資料所能帶來的國家收入。”這句話準確地敘述了美國的經驗。
Another factor in the process of American development has been the commitment to self-government and representative institutions. We have found no better way than democracy to fulfill man's talents and release his energies. A related factor has been the conviction of the importance of personal freedom and personal initiative-the feeling that the individual is the source of creativity. Another has been the understanding of the role of cooperative activity, public as well as voluntary.
促進美國發展進程的另一個思想因素是對自治和代議制的追求。我們發現民主是使人的才智得到充分施展、人的能量得以充分發揮的最好方式。民主思想一方面確信人的自由的重要性和創新來自個人；另一方面懂得合作的作用，這種合作包括義務的和自發的兩種。
But fundamental to all of these, and perhaps the single most important explanation of the comparative speed of American development, has been the national rejection of dogmatic preconceptions about the nature of the social and economic order. America has had the good fortune not to be an ideological society.
但所有因素中最基本的，或許對美國發展速度最重要的一個就是美國拒絕關于社會本質和經濟規律的教條式的偏見。幸運的是，美國不是一個觀念性很強的國家。
By ideology I mean a body of systematic and rigid dogma by which people seek to understand the world-and to preserve or transform it. The conflict between ideology and empiricism has, of course, been old in human history. In the record of this conflict, ideology has attracted some of the strongest intelligences mankind has produced-those whom Sir Isaiah Berlin, termed the "hedgehogs," who know one big thing, as against the "foxes," who know many small things.
在我看來，意識形態體系是指人們探索去理解、維護和改變世界時所遵循的系統的、固定的信條總和。意識形態體系與經驗主義的斗爭在人類歷史上源遠流長。在意識形態體系與經驗主義斗爭的歷史上，意識形態體系曾吸引了人類歷史上一些聰明絕頂的人物艾賽亞·伯林先生稱之為“刺猬”，即懂得一件大事的人，和“狐貍”，即知道很多小事的人。
Nor can one suggest that Americans have been consistently immune to the ideological temptation-to the temptation, that is, to define national goals in an ordered, comprehensive and permanent way.
沒有人能說美國始終如一地不受意識形態體系誘惑的影響，也就是不受以一種有序的全面的、永恒的方式來確定國家目標的誘惑的影響。
