That fact poses some difficult problems for those of us trying to make sense of the news we are given. One of these problems is indicated by a proposal, made years ago, by the great French writer Albert Camus. Camus wished to establish "a control newspaper." The newspaper would come out one hour after all the others and would contain estimates of the percentage of truth in each of their stories. In Camus' words: "We'd have complete dossiers on the interests, policies, and idiosyncrasies of the owners. Then we'd have a dossier on every journalist in the world. The interests, prejudices,and quirks of the owner would equal Z. The prejudices, quirks, and private interests of the journalist Y. Z times Y would give you X, the probable amount of truth in the story."
這個(gè)現(xiàn)實(shí)讓我們理解新聞的意義變得更加困難。許多年前,一位杰出的法國作家阿爾貝·加繆曾提過倡議,建議建立一家“管理報(bào)紙”。該報(bào)紙可在其他報(bào)紙發(fā)行小時(shí)后出版,對(duì)各家報(bào)紙新聞的可信程度進(jìn)行評(píng)估。其原話是:“我們應(yīng)該對(duì)每家報(bào)社老板的興趣利益、政治信仰和個(gè)性建立全方位檔案。同樣,我們也該給全世界所有記者建立同樣的檔案。報(bào)社老板的興趣利益、偏見、怪癖用Z表示,記者的偏見、怪癖、個(gè)人興趣用Y表示,Z乘以Y得X,X就是新聞的可信程度。”
Camus was either a reckless mathematician or else he simply neglected to say why and how multiplying Z and Y would tell us what we need to know. (Why not add or divide them?) Nor did he discuss the problem of how to estimate the reliability of those doing the estimating. In any case, Camus died before he had a chance to publish such a newspaper, leaving each one of us to be our own "control center." Nonetheless, we can't help thinking how Camus' idea might be applied to television. Imagine how informative it would be if there were five-minute television programs that went on immediately after each television news show. The host might say something like this: "To begin with, this station is owned by Gary Farnsworth, who is also the president of Bontel Limited, the principal stockholder of which is the Sultan of Bahrain. Bontel Limited owns three Japanese electronic companies, two oil companies, the entire country of Upper Volta, and the western part of Romania. The anchorman on the television show earns $800,000 a year; his portfolio includes holdings in a major computer firm. He has a bachelor's degree in journalism from the University of Arkansas but was a C+ student, has never taken a course in political science, and speaks no language other than English. Last year, he read only two books—a biography of Cary Grant and a book of popular psychology called "Why Am I So Wonderful"? The reporter who covered the story on Yugoslavia speaks Serbo-Croatian, has a degree in international relations, and has had a Neiman Fellowship at Harvard University."
加繆要么是一位不合格的數(shù)學(xué)家,要么就是他忘記了說明用Z乘Y的原因和操作方式(為什么不是加法或者除法?)。他也并沒有討論過這個(gè)評(píng)估本身的可靠性。不管怎樣,加繆在沒有出版此類報(bào)紙之前就過世了,留下我們每人充當(dāng)自己的評(píng)估報(bào)紙。不過,我們止不住地去想加繆的理論應(yīng)用于電視新聞會(huì)產(chǎn)生怎樣的效果。想象一下,每家電臺(tái)播放過新聞之后有一檔為時(shí)五分鐘的即時(shí)節(jié)目將會(huì)多么有用。主持人可能會(huì)這樣說:“首先,這家電視臺(tái)的老板是加里·法恩斯沃思,他也是邦特爾有限責(zé)任公司的董事長,這個(gè)公司的主要持股人是巴林的蘇丹。邦特爾有限責(zé)任公司擁有三家日本電力公司、兩家石油公司、整個(gè)上沃爾塔地區(qū)和羅馬尼亞西部地區(qū)。新聞主持人年薪八十萬美元,投資一家大型電腦公司。他在阿肯色州立大學(xué)獲得新聞學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位,在校期間成績平平,從沒有修過政治學(xué),除了英語不會(huì)第二種語言。去年他只讀了兩本書——《加里·格蘭特傳》和流行心理學(xué)圖書《為什么我如此不凡?》。報(bào)道南斯拉夫新聞的記者說塞爾維亞-克羅地亞語,獲得國際關(guān)系學(xué)學(xué)位,曾獲得過哈佛大學(xué)尼曼獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。”