評論
打印
Recording One
錄音一
Psychology research has tended to portray solitude as a negative experience.
心理學(xué)研究通常將獨(dú)處描述為一種消極體驗(yàn)。
Studies conducted in the 1970s and 1990s suggested that people felt less happy when alone as compared to being with others.
20 世紀(jì)70年代和90年代所進(jìn)行的研究表明，相較于與他人為伴，在獨(dú)處時人們感到不那么快樂。
However, a new paper shows an alternative view of solitude, one in which solitude can be positive.
然而，一篇新的研究報告呈現(xiàn)了關(guān)于獨(dú)處的另一種看法，即獨(dú)處可以是積極的。
Let's start by looking at the earlier research.
讓我們先來看看先前的研究。
It had a couple of shortcomings.
這些研究有幾個不足之處。
First, it measured emotion on a scale from positive to negative, overlooking the possibility that our positive and negative emotions can fluctuate independently.
首先，它們都用一個“積極——消極”的(雙向)尺度來衡量情緒，忽略了我們自身積極和消極的情緒各自都有起伏變化的可能性。
Also, it categorized emotions as simply positive or negative.
此外，它們都將情緒簡單地歸類為積極和消極，
It didn't consider that emotions arouse us to different degrees, and that both positive and negative emotions can arouse us a lot or a little.
沒有考慮到情緒對人的激發(fā)程度是不同的一積極和消極的情緒都可能或高或低地激發(fā)我們。
That is, whether positive or negative, emotions can be either high-arousal or low arousal.
換言之，不論是積極還是消極，所有情緒都可以是高激發(fā)或低激發(fā)的。
High-arousal emotions include excitement on the positive side or anger on the negative side, while low arousal ones include feeling calm on the positive side or lonely on the negative.
高激發(fā)情緒包括積極的興奮和消極的憤怒，而低激發(fā)情緒包括積極的平靜和消極的孤獨(dú)。
This new research attempted to overcome these shortcomings.
這項新研究試圖克服以上這些缺點(diǎn)。
Researchers began with a simple study.
研究人員從一項簡單的調(diào)研開始。
They asked participants to spend 15 minutes sitting alone without engaging in any activity, and measured how this solitude influences their emotional state.
他們要求參與者獨(dú)坐15 分鐘，不進(jìn)行任何活動，然后測量這種獨(dú)處狀態(tài)如何影響他們的情緒狀態(tài)。
This experiment specifically aimed to determine the effect of solitude on high-arousal emotions.
具體來說，這項實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是明確獨(dú)處對高激發(fā)情緒的影響。
It looked at positive emotions such as being excited or interested, and negative emotions including being scared or distressed.
它同時考察了積極情緒(如興奮和興趣盎然)和消極情緒(包括恐懼和痛苦)。
The results were clear.
結(jié)果很明顯。
After 15 minutes of solitude, the participants showed reductions in both types of emotion.
經(jīng)過15分鐘的獨(dú)處之后，參與者的這兩類情緒都有所減弱。
A second study measured the effects of solitude on low- arousal emotions.
第二項調(diào)研測量了獨(dú)處對低激發(fā)情緒的影響。
These included both positive and negative emotions, such as feeling calm, relaxed, sad or lonely.
這些情緒既包括積極的，也包括消極的，如平靜、放松、悲傷、孤獨(dú)。
That experiment found that all of these: emotions were increased by time alone.
該實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，所有這些情緒都會因獨(dú)處時間而增強(qiáng)。
Thus it seems past depictions of solitude were wrong.
由此看來，過去對獨(dú)處的描述是錯誤的。
It doesn't have a simple emotional effect that can be characterized as good or bad.
它對情緒的影響并不能被簡單地界定為好或壞。
Rather, it changes the intensity of our inner experience.
而是說，它改變了我們內(nèi)心感受的強(qiáng)度。
It amplifies quieter emotions, but it diminishes the intensity of stronger feelings.
它放大平靜的情緒，但同時也降低強(qiáng)烈情緒的強(qiáng)度。
It's worth clarifying that these findings relate to relatively brief periods of solitude.
需要澄清的是，這些發(fā)現(xiàn)均指向相對短暫的獨(dú)處。
This is distinct from prolonged loneliness.
這與長期的孤獨(dú)截然不同。
Research has demonstrated that the latter is correlated with an assortment of negative physical and psychological effects.
研究表明，后者與各種消極的生理和心理作用相關(guān)。
How can people benefit from being alone?
人們?nèi)绾螐莫?dú)處中獲益？
The findings here suggest that people can use solitude to regulate their emotions.
這里的研究結(jié)果表明，人們可以用獨(dú)處來調(diào)節(jié)自己的情緒。
Solitude can help us become quiet after excitement, calm after an angry episode, or simply feel at peace.
獨(dú)處可以幫助我們在興奮之后平靜下來，在經(jīng)歷憤怒之后冷靜下來，或者僅僅是感到心境的平和。
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.
請根據(jù)你剛聽到的錄音回答16到18題。
Question 16: What is one of the criticisms directed at the early research(on solitude?
問題16:針對早期關(guān)于孤獨(dú)的研究的批評之一是什么?
Question 17: What do we learn about the results of the new research?
問題17:關(guān)于這項新研究的結(jié)果，我們了解到了什么?
Question 18: What did the second experiment in the new research find about solitude?
問題18:關(guān)于孤獨(dú)，這項新研究的第二個實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么?
