評論
打印
Recording 1
錄音1
Good afternoon, class.
下午好，同學們。
Today I want to discuss with you a new approach to empirical research.
今天我想和你們討論實證研究的一種新方法。
In the past, scientists often worked alone.
在過去，科學家們常常單打獨斗。
They were confined to the university or research center where they worked.
他們受限于自己工作的大學或研究中心。
Today, though, we are seeing mergers of some of the greatest scientific minds, regardless of their location.
但現在，盡管處于不同的地方，我們看到一些最偉大的科學大腦的合作。
There has never been a better time for collaborations with foreign scientists.
現在是和國外科學家合作的最好時期。
In fact, the European Union is taking the lead.
事實上，歐盟正發揮帶頭作用。
Spurred on by funding policies, half of European research articles had international co-authors in 2007, this is more than twice the level of two decades ago.
受資助政策推動，2007年有一半的歐洲研究論文都有國際合著者，這比二十年前多一倍。
The European Union's level of international co-authorship is about twice that of the United States, Japan, and India.
歐盟的國際合著數量大概是美國、日本和印度的兩倍。
Even so, the levels in these countries are also rising.
即使這樣，這些國家的水平也在上升。
This is a sign of the continued allure of creating scientific coalitions across borders.
這是建立跨境科學聯盟的持久誘因的標志。
Andrew Schubert, a researcher at the institute for science policy research, says that the rising collaboration is partly out of necessity.
科學政策研究機構的研究員安德魯·舒伯特說，不斷增加的合作在一定程度上是出于必要。
This necessity comes with the rise of big science.
這種必要伴隨著大科學的崛起。
Many scientific endeavors have become more complicated.
很多科學研究已變得越來越復雜了。
These new complications require the money and labor of many nations.
這些新的難題需要多個國家的資金和勞動。
But he says collaborations have also emerged because of increased possibilities.
但是他說，合作的出現也是由于可能性增加。
The internet allows like-minded scientists to find each other.
互聯網讓想法相同的科學家相互聯系。
Simultaneously, dramatic drops in communication costs ease long-distance interactions, and there's a reward.
同時，溝通成本大幅降低使長距離互動變得更加簡單，這帶來了回報。
Studies of citation counts show that international co-authored papers have better visibility.
對引用率的研究表明，國際合作的論文識別度更高。
Schubert says international collaboration is a way to spread ideas in wider and wider circles.
舒伯特說，國際合作是在更寬廣的圈子里傳播觀點的一種方式。
Caroline Wagner, a research scientist at George Washington University, notes that international collaborations offer additional flexibility.
喬治華盛頓大學的研究科學家卡羅琳·瓦格納說，國際合作提供了更多靈活性。
Whereas local collaborations sometimes persist past the point of usefulness, because of social or academic obligations, international ones can be cultivated and dropped more freely.
由于社會和學術義務，本土合作有時候在無用的情況下還是要持續，但國際合作的建立和退出更加自由。
The collaborative trend is true across scientific disciplines. Some feels though have a greater tendency for it.
跨越科學領域的合作趨勢是真實的。不過一些人感覺趨勢更強勁。
Particle physicist and astronomers collaborate often. This's because they must share expensive facilities.
粒子物理學家和天文學家經常進行合作。這是因為他們必須共享昂貴的設備。
Mathematicians, by contrast, tend historically towards solitude. As a consequence, they lag behind other disciplines.
相反，數學家從來都傾向各自為戰。所以數學落后于其他學科。
However, Wagner says partnerships are rising there too. The level of collaboration also varies from country to country.
但瓦格納說，數學界的合作也在增加。不同國家的合作水平也不同。
There are historical and political reasons as to why collaborations emerge, says Wagner.
瓦格納說，合作的出現有其歷史和政治原因。
This rise is also apparently boosted by policies embedded in European framework funding schemes.
這種增長很明顯也是由歐洲框架資金計劃中的政策所推動。
These policies underlie funding requirements that often require teamwork.
這些提供資金的政策條件常常要求團隊合作。
16.What do we learn about the research funding policies in the European Union?
16.關于歐盟研究資金政策，我們知道什么？
17.Why do researchers today favor international collaboration?
17.為什么現在的研究人員傾向國際合作？
18.What do we learn about the field of mathematics?
18.關于數學領域，我們知道什么？
