評論
打印
Recording Two
錄音二
"Stereotype" may sound like a bad word, but there's nothing bad about it.
"刻板印象"聽起來像個壞詞，但這個詞并沒什么不好的。
For one thing, stereotypes are often accurate.
首先，刻板印象通常很準確。
When you ask people about their concept of stereotypes, they get it pretty much right.
你向人們詢問對某些刻板印象的看法，他們會給出準確回答。
Also, stereotypes are often positive, particularly of groups that we ourselves belong to.
而且，刻板印象通常是正面的，尤其是描述我們所屬的群體時。
Some of the statistical generalizations may be positive as some groups have reputations for being smart, for being loyal, for being brave, for all sorts of things that are not at all negative.
一些統計概括可能很正面，如某些團體以聰明聞名，或以勇敢聞名，或以其他各種積極的品質聞名。
And so there's nothing inherently wrong about stereotypes.
所以刻板印象本身沒什么不對。
But there are problems with stereotypes.
但刻板印象還是存在一些問題。
For one thing, they're reliable insofar as they're based on unbiased samples.
首先，如若基于無偏樣本，那么這些刻板印象就很可靠。
But a lot of the information we get about human groups is through biased sources like how they're represented in the media.
但是，我們用以了解人群的很多信息來源都存在偏見，比如媒體呈現不同人群的方式存在偏差。
And if these sources don't give you an accurate depiction, your stereotype won't be accurate.
并且，如果這些來源不給準確的描述，那么你形成的刻板印象也不會準確。
For example, many Jews have been troubled by Shakespeare's depiction of Shylock.
例如，莎士比亞對商人夏洛克的描寫對很多猶太人造成了困擾。
If the only Jew you know is Shakespeare's Shylock, it's going to be a very bad impression.
如果你只認識莎翁筆下的夏洛克一個猶太人，那么猶太人給你留下的印象可真是糟透了。
So one problem with stereotypes is while we are good at drawing conclusions from them, often our information isn't reliable.
所以刻板印象的一個問題在于，我們很擅長基于刻板印象下結論，而我們的信息來源通常不太可靠。
A second problem is that stereotypes, regardless of whether or not they're accurate, can have a negative effect on the people that they apply to.
刻板印象的另一個問題是，無論是否準確，刻板印象都會對適用人群產生不好的影響。
And this is what psychologist, Claude Steele, described as stereotype threat.
這就是心理學家克勞德·斯蒂爾描述的刻板印象威脅。
He has a vivid example of this.
他對此舉了個生動的例子。
Here's how to make African-Americans do worse on a math test.
要讓美國黑人數學考得更差，這里有個辦法。
You have the test and you put on the test that they have to identify their race.
你進行考試，并在試卷上迫使他們指出自己的種族。
The very act of acknowledging that they are African-American when given a test ignites in them thoughts of their own stereotype, which is negative regarding academics and that makes them do worse.
他們考試時承認自己是美國黑人，恰是這一行為激發了內心關于黑人的刻板印象，認為黑人學術水平不行，從而導致他們考得差。
Want to know how to make a woman do worse on a math test?
想知道怎么讓女性數學考得更差？
Same thing, get her to write down her sex.
一樣的方法，讓她寫下自己的性別。
One recent study found a sort of clever twist on this.
最近一項研究讓這一話題有了巧妙轉折。
When Asian-American women are given a test and they're asked to mark down their race, they do better than they would otherwise do.
美籍亞裔女性考試時按要求寫下種族，會比不寫考得更好。
They're reminded of a positive stereotype that boosts their morale.
他們想起了正面的刻板印象，得到了鼓舞。
You ask them, on the other hand, to mark down their sex, they do worse because they are reminded of a negative stereotype.
但是，若你要求他們寫下性別，因為他們想起了負面的刻板印象，所以會考得差。
That's an example of how stereotypes have a potentially damaging effect on people.
這便是刻板印象對人們存在潛在傷害的例子。
Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.
請根據你剛剛聽到的對話回答問題19至問題22。
19. What does the speaker say about stereotypes?
問題19：關于刻板印象說話者談了些什么？
20. What leads to the bias of stereotypes?
問題20：什么導致了刻板印象的偏見？
21. What does the speaker say is a problem with stereotypes?
問題21：說話者提到刻板印象存在什么問題？
22. What did one recent study find about stereotypes?
問題22：最近研究關于刻板印象有了什么發現？
