評論
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1) 意義: 過去分詞通常來自及物動詞, 帶有被動意義和完成意義; 而現在分詞有的來自及物動詞, 有的來自不及物動詞, 通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義.
frozen food a freezing wind
a bored traveller a boring journey
a lost cause a losing battle
a conquered army a conquering army
a finished article the last finishing touch
the spoken word a speaking bird
a closed shop the closing hour
a recorded talk a recording machine
來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨用作前置修飾語, 能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個詞, 僅表示完成意義, 不表示被動意義.
the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors
用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分, 在意義上相當于關系分句.
Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.
2) 句法作用
a) 作定語: distinguished guest 貴賓, unknown heroes 無名英雄, armed forces武裝部隊, canned food罐頭食品, boiled water開水, steamed bread饅頭, stricken area災區
分詞還可構成合成詞作定語: simply-furnished room陳設簡單的房間, clear-cut answer明確的答復, highly-developed industry高度發展的工業, heartfelt thanks衷心的感謝, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造衛星
b) 作補足語: 可以帶過去分詞作賓語補足語的動詞有:
see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感覺和心理狀態的動詞.
I saw the students assembled in the hall.
We found her greatly changed.
make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意義的動詞:
I have my hair cut every ten days.
She got her bad tooth pulled out.
Please keep us informed of the latest developments.
like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意義的動詞:
I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.
He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.
c) 過去分詞短語常用作狀語, 修飾謂語, 很多都說明動作發生的背景或情況.
Guided by these principles, they went on with the work,
Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.
過去分詞短語也可作狀語表示原因, 相當于一個表示原因的狀語從句.
Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.
有時也可說明動作發生的時間, 相當于一個表示時間的狀語從句.
This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.
間或也可表示一個假設的情況, 相當于一個條件從句.
Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.
偶爾也可用來代替一個“讓步”狀語從句.
Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.
d) 獨立結構: 在用分詞短語作狀語時, 它邏輯上的主語一般必須與句子的主語一.致. 但有時它也可以有自己獨立的邏輯上的主語, 這種結構稱為獨立結構, 一般表示一種伴隨的動作或情況.
He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.
有時可以表示時間:
Late that autumn, his work finished, he prepared to return to his institute.
表示原因:
Her eyes dimmed with tears, she did not see him enter.
條件:
All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.
