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2. V+ing形式(現在分詞及動名詞)
1) 形式
a) 完成式: 如果要表示動名詞代表的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發生, 通常用動名詞的完成形式.
He didn’t mention having met me.
I regret not having taken her advice.
在某些動詞后(或成語中), 常用(或可以用)動名詞的一般形式, 盡管動作是在謂語所表示的動作之前發生的.
Excuse me for coming late.
I don’t remember ever seeing him anywhere.
現在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語中, 表示這動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發生.
Having been there many times, he offered to be our guide.
Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy.
另外, 獨立結構也可用現在分詞的完成形式.
The guests having left, they resumed their discussion.
The children, having eating their fill, were allowed to leave the table.
b) 被動式: 當一個動名詞邏輯上的主語所表示的是這動作的對象時, 動名詞一般要用被動形式.
His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.
He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.
但要注意, 在want, need, deserve, require 等動詞后, 盡管表示的是被動的意思, 卻用動名詞的主動形式.
My pen needs filling.
The point deserves mentioning.
This problem requires studying with great care.
在worth這個形容詞后情形也是這樣.
Her method is worth trying.
現在分詞的被動式可以用來作定語, 賓語補足語, 狀語及用于獨立結構中.
This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.
You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.
Being asked to give a performance, she couldn’t very well refuse.
These are sold at reduced prices, the defects always being pointed out to the customers.
c) 完成被動式: 如果表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發生, 有時需要用動名詞的完成被動式.
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.
但在多數情況下都避免使用這一形式, 而用一般被動形式代替, 以免句子顯得累贅.
現在分詞的完成被動式一般用來作狀語或用于獨立結構中.
Having been given such a good chance, how could she let it slip away?
The decision having been made, the next problem was how to make a good plan.
All the compositions having been written and collected, the teacher sent the students home.
