3.分詞

1) 意義: 過去分詞通常來自及物動詞, 帶有被動意義和完成意義; 而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來自及物動詞, 有的來自不及物動詞, 通常帶有主動意義和未完成意義.
frozen food a freezing wind
a bored traveller a boring journey
a lost cause a losing battle
a conquered army a conquering army
a finished article the last finishing touch
the spoken word a speaking bird
a closed shop the closing hour
a recorded talk a recording machine

來自不及物動詞的過去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語, 能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個(gè)詞, 僅表示完成意義, 不表示被動意義.
the risen sun, fallen leaves, faded/withered flowers, returned students, retired workers, departed friends, escaped prisoners, the vanished jewels, newly-arrived visitors

用作后置修飾語的過去分詞一般都帶有修飾語或其他成分, 在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句.
Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.

2) 句法作用

a) 作定語: distinguished guest 貴賓, unknown heroes 無名英雄, armed forces武裝部隊(duì), canned food罐頭食品, boiled water開水, steamed bread饅頭, stricken area災(zāi)區(qū)

分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語: simply-furnished room陳設(shè)簡單的房間, clear-cut answer明確的答復(fù), highly-developed industry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè), heartfelt thanks衷心的感謝, hand-made goods手工制品, man-made satellite人造衛(wèi)星

b) 作補(bǔ)足語: 可以帶過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動詞有:
see, hear, feel, find, think等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動詞.
I saw the students assembled in the hall.
We found her greatly changed.

make, get, have, keep等表示”致使”意義的動詞:
I have my hair cut every ten days.
She got her bad tooth pulled out.
Please keep us informed of the latest developments.

like, want, wish, order等表示希望, 要求, 命令等意義的動詞:
I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.
He won’t like such questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.

c) 過去分詞短語常用作狀語, 修飾謂語, 很多都說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況.
Guided by these principles, they went on with the work,
Delighted with her work, they made her the general manager.

過去分詞短語也可作狀語表示原因, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語從句.
Influenced by his example, they performed countless good deeds.

有時(shí)也可說明動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語從句.
This method, tried in areas near Shanghai, resulted in a marked rise in total production.

間或也可表示一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況, 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件從句.
Given closer analysis, we can see this is totally wrong.

偶爾也可用來代替一個(gè)“讓步”狀語從句.
Picked 20 years a year, it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.

相關(guān)內(nèi)容: 四級語法精要-濃縮精華版(二)