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非謂語動詞
1. 不定式
1) 形式
主動形式 被動形式
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
進行式 to be doing
完成進行式 to have been doing
a) 完成式: 不定式的一般形式所表示的動作, 通常與主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)同時(或幾乎同時)發生, 或是在它之后發生. 假如不定式所表示的動作, 在謂語所表示的動作(狀態)之前發生, 就要用不定式的完成式.
I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).
(比較: I am glad to see you.)
He is said to have written a new book about
workers.
He pretended not to have seen me.
b) 進行式: 如果主要謂語表示的動作(狀態)發生時, 不定式表示的動作正在進行, 這時要用不定式的進行式.
You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet.
We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.
He pretended to be listening attentively.
c) 完成進行式: 在謂語所表示的時間之前一直進行的動作, 就要用不定式的完成進行式.
The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.
We are happy to have been working with you.
d) 被動式: 當不定式的邏輯上的主語是不定式所表示的動作的承受者時, 不定式一般要用被動形式.
It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.
She hated to be flattered.
He wanted the letter to be typed at once.
This is bound to be found out.
There are a lot of things to be done.
She was too young to be assigned such work.
2) 功用: 不定式可以作主語 (a), 賓語 (b), 表語 (c), 定語 (d) 或是狀語 (e).
a. To scold her would not be just.
b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.
c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.
d. Do you have anything to declare?
e. We have come to learn from you.
3) 不帶to 的不定式:
a) 在“動詞+ 賓語+不定式”結構中, 如果動詞是表示感覺意義的see, hear, watch, smell, feel, notice等, 或是表示“致使”意義的 have, make, let等, 其后的不定式結構不帶to.
John made her tell him everything.
這類結構轉換為被動語態時, 后面的不帶to 的不定式一般還原為帶to 的不定式.
She was made to tell him everything.
b) 在 had better, had best, would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might (just) as well, cannot but 等搭配之后, 動詞不定式也不帶to.
I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.
They cannot but accept his term.
c) 在make do, make believe, let drop, let fall, let fly, let slip, let drive, let go of, let there be, hear say, hear tell, leave go of等固定搭配中, 用不帶to的動詞不定式.
John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.
I’ve heard tell of him.
d) 在動詞help(或help +賓語)之后可用不帶to的不定式, 也可用帶to的不定式.
Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?
e) 在介詞except, but 之后, 如果其前有動詞do的某種形式, 不定式一般不帶to, 反之帶to.
There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.
Smith will do anything but work on a farm.
There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.
f) 連詞 rather than, sooner than 置于句首時, 其后的不定式不帶to.
Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do, he forced himself to pick it up.
出現在句中其他位置時, 其后的不定式有時帶to, 有時不帶to.
He decided to write rather than telephone.
The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.
g) 用作補語的動詞不定式, 如果主語是由“all + 關系分句”，“thing +關系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式結構”等構成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時，作為主語補語的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.
What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.
All you do now is complete the form
The only thing I can do now is go on by myself.
The thing to do now is clear up this mess.
The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.
4) 不定式的其他用法
a) too…to 結構通常表示否定意義:
She was too young to understand all that.
enough…to結構則表示肯定意義:
She was not old enough to understand all that.
not too, but too, all too, only too等和不定式連用時,不定式一般不表示否定意義:
He’s only too pleased to help her.
so…as (to)這種結構也可用不定式作狀語:
Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.
b) 如果要說明不定是表示的動作是誰做的, 可以在不定式前加一個for引起的短語:
It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.
It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.
在以某些形容詞(如 kind, good, nice, wise, unwise, clever, silly, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等)作表語時, 不定式前可加一個of引起的短語, 來說明不定式指的是誰的情況:
It’s kind of you to think so much of us.
(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.
It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.
It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.
相關內容: 四級語法精要-濃縮精華版(二)
