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1. 時態
1)現在完成進行時態 (have/has been + -ing 分詞構成): 動作或狀態從過去某時開始,繼續到現在,可能繼續下去,也可能剛剛結束.
I’ve been writing letters for an hour.
I’ve been sitting in the garden.
2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作
I’d been working for some time when he called.
We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.
3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.
By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.
In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.
4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構成): 將來某時會業已發生的事.
I shall have finished this one before lunch.
They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.
2. 語態
1) 可以有兩種被動結構的類型,例如:
He was said to be jealous of her success.
It was said that he was jealous of her success.
能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.
It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.
The ship is supposed to have been sunk.
擔當be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:
Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應該曉得速度限制)
2) 雙賓語及賓補結構的被動語態
a) 雙賓語結構的被動語態: 雙賓語結構變為被動語態時,可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變為主語,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數是把間接賓語變為主語.
He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.
Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.
b) 賓補結構的被動語態:
She was called Big Sister by everybody.
Then he was made a squad leader.
He was considered quite qualified for the job.
The room was always kept clean and tidy.
3. 短語動詞
1) Vi + adv
The plane took off two hours late.
2) Vi + prep
They looked round the Cathedral.
3) Vi + prep (有被動語態)
She’s looking after her sister’s children.
The children were always well looked after.
4) Vi + adv + prep
I began to look forward to their visits.
5) Vt + O + adv
Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.
The children were brought up by their mother.
They took him on.
6) Vt + adv + O (無被動語態)
I am trying to give up smoking.
7) Vt + O + prep
We talked Donald into agreement.
4. 省略
1) 在以as, than, when, if, unless等引導的從句中的省略: 在有些狀語從句中,如果謂語包含有動詞be,主語又和主句的主語一致a),或者主語是it b),就常常可以把從句中的主語和謂語的一部分(特別是動詞be)省略掉.
a) Look out for cars when crossing the street.
When taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effects.
While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.
Although not yet six months old, she was able to walk without support.
If not well managed, irrigation can be harmful.
Though reduced in numbers, they gained in fighting capacity.
This viewpoint, however understandable, is wrong.
Enemies, once discovered, were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.
She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.
She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.
Fill in the application as instructed.
Whenever known, such facts should be reported.
The documents will be returned as soon as signed.
He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.
Once having made a promise, you should keep it.
b) If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.
Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.
If possible, I should like to have two copies of it.
As scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.
2) 在以than a) 或 as b) 引起的從句中,常會有一些成分省略.
a) He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.
We should think more of the collective than of ourselve
b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).
He is now a vice-manager, but still often works in the kitchen as before.
Their training is free, as is all education.
We will, as always, stand on your side.
3) 錯誤的省略
His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.
While standing there in her nightgown, two bullets struck the wall beside her.
