評論
打印
This is 60-Second Science. I'm Tulika Bose.[qh]
這里是科學美國人——60秒科學系列，我是圖利卡·博斯。[qh]
You probably already know what a black hole is, but have you ever heard of the black hole information paradox?[qh]
你可能已經了解了黑洞的概念，但你聽說過黑洞信息悖論嗎?[qh]
I'm here with Clara Moskowitz, our space and physics editor who just edited a big, special issue for Scientific American on black holes.[qh]
現在和我在一起的是克拉拉·莫斯科維茨，她是我們的空間和物理編輯，她剛剛為《科學美國人》編輯了關于黑洞的一期特刊。[qh]
Hey, Clara.[qh]
嗨, 克拉拉。[qh]
Hi, thanks for having me.[qh]
嗨，謝謝你們邀請我。[qh]
So, Clara, what are we here to talk about today?[qh]
克拉拉，我們今天要談什么?[qh]
We're here to talk about the black hole information paradox, which has been a problem in physics for a long time. [qh]
我們今天要討論的是黑洞信息悖論，這個問題在物理學中已經存在很長時間了。[qh]
Basically black holes seem to break the rules of physics. [qh]
基本上，黑洞似乎打破了物理學的規則。[qh]
And part of the reason why is because we have to use two different theories to describe them. [qh]
部分原因是我們必須用兩種不同的理論來描述它們。[qh]
And the two theories do not get along.[qh]
這兩種理論互相打架。[qh]
On the one hand, we have quantum mechanics, which describes the world of the very small atoms and particles. [qh]
一方面，我們有量子力學，這一理論描述了由微小原子和粒子組成的世界。[qh]
On the other hand, we have general relativity, which describes things that are very big, very massive, very large, and most things in the world don't require both theories.[qh]
另一方面，我們有廣義相對論，這一理論描述的是大尺寸，大質量，大規模的事物，世界上大多數事情都不需要同時滿足這兩種理論。[qh]
They're either big or they're small.[qh]
這些事物要么大，要么小。[qh]
Black holes are both. [qh]
黑洞卻兩者兼有。[qh]
Black holes are the densest things in the entire universe.[qh]
黑洞是整個宇宙中密度最大的物質。[qh]
And they take up very little space, but they have so much mass. [qh]
黑洞占據的空間很小，但質量卻很大。[qh]
You really need both theories. [qh]
需要兩種理論來解釋。[qh]
And yet when you try to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity, everything goes crazy.[qh]
然而，當你試圖把量子力學和廣義相對論結合起來時，一切都變得瘋狂起來。[qh]
How can two rules of physics not apply?[qh]
兩條物理定律怎么可能不適用呢?[qh]
Each one works perfectly in its own realm. [qh]
每一個理論都在自己的領域里完美地運作。[qh]
So quantum mechanics does very well describing everything that's, that's subatomic, everything that we can't see, that's very small.[qh]
量子力學可以很好地描述所有亞原子的東西，所有我們看不到的，非常小的東西。[qh]
And general relativity works perfectly to describe very big things like the motions of planets.[qh]
而廣義相對論可以完美地描述非常巨大的東西，比如行星的運動。[qh]
But we almost never have to combine them in one example, except for black holes. [qh]
但我們幾乎不需要把這兩種理論結合到一個例子中，除了黑洞。[qh]
Black holes take up very little space, but they have so much mass that general relativity and quantum mechanics equally apply. [qh]
黑洞占據的空間很小，但它們的質量很大，因此廣義相對論和量子力學同樣適用黑洞。[qh]
And yet when you try to combine the two theories, they don't work together.[qh]
然而，當你試圖將這兩種理論結合起來時，它們并不能一起運作。[qh]
How exactly do they not work together?[qh]
這兩種理論怎么不能一起運作呢?[qh]
Basically, when you try to combine them, the equations break, they give infinities, they just don't produce answers or calculations that you can use that you can work with.[qh]
基本上，當試著把它們結合起來時，方程會斷裂，會給出無窮大的數，不會產生你可以使用的答案或計算結果。[qh]
And it's a sign that something is missing. [qh]
這是一種遺漏了什么東西的跡象。[qh]
We don't fully understand something. [qh]
有些事情我們還沒有完全理解。[qh]
And the thing that we don't fully understand is gravity. [qh]
我們還不完全了解的是引力。[qh]
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