世行_勞力輸出有利各方

世界銀行(World Bank)近日在開羅發布的一項研究報告顯示，移民對勞動力輸出國家女孩的教育、醫療和生育率具有積極影響。

Migration has a positive impact on girls' education, healthcare and fertility rates in countries that export labour, according to a study by the World Bank published yesterday in Cairo.

"巴基斯坦等許多國家都重男輕女，因此男孩可以獲得更多家庭資源，"該報告的首席經濟學家及聯合主編莫里斯o希夫(Maurice Schiff)表示。"當海外移民通過匯款使家庭獲得額外收入時，女孩往往能得到更多。"

"In a lot of countries, [such as] Pakistan, boys are favoured over girls, so they get a larger share of household resources," said Maurice Schiff, the lead economist and co-editor of the report. "When additional income comes to the family through remittances sent by a migrant abroad, more tends to go to girls."

研究發現，在巴基斯坦，家庭中擁有一名移民工人會將女孩入學率提高多達54%，而男孩僅為7%。

The World Bank study found that, in Pakistan, the effect of having a migrant worker in the family was to increase female enrolment in schools by as much as 54 per cent, compared with just 7 per cent for boys.

其它研究結果顯示，移民家庭女孩的上學時間平均比非移民家庭的女孩長2年。移民對童工也有影響，因為如果孩子的父親在海外工作掙錢，兒童被送去打工的可能性就會減小，即使被送去打工，這些孩子的工作時間也會減少大約66%。

Other results showed that girls from migrant households stayed in school on average two years longer than those from non-migrant families. There was also an impact on child labour because children who had a father earning money abroad were less likely to be sent out to work and those who were, worked about 66 per cent less.

報告還發現，移民提高了巴基斯坦和中美洲移民兒童的身高和體重。

It also found that migration improved the height and weight of the children of Pakistani and central American migrants.

收入增加也意味著能夠更多地獲得醫療保障。在尼加拉瓜，匯款極大提高了醫生助產的可能性，這是降低母親死亡率的一個重要因素。

More money also meant better access to healthcare. In Nicaragua, remittances significantly improved the likelihood of doctor-assisted births, a big factor in reducing maternal mortality.

報告的另一項發現是，在摩洛哥和土耳其向歐洲輸出勞動力的地區，生育率有所下降。報告將這種現象歸因于"觀念和行為模式從勞動力接收國向輸出國傳輸"。

Another finding was that fertility rates have declined in those parts of Morocco and Turkey that export labour to Europe. It attributed this to "the transmission of ideas and modes of behaviour from host to source country".

報告還發現，歸國移民能夠在本國獲得更高的工資。與沒有出過國的人相比，在海外工作過的埃及人的工資最多可高出38%。

The report also found that returned migrants could command higher wages in their home countries. Egyptians who had worked abroad earned up to 38 per cent more than those who had not travelled.

希夫表示，受益的不僅僅是勞動力輸出國。

The benefits, says Mr Schiff, are not confined to labour exporting countries.

希夫稱："有研究發現，如果經合組織(OECD)國家的勞動力增加3%（即1500萬人），并平均分布在各個職業，所獲得的好處將比世界所有國家都開放貿易還要大。"

"There are studies which show that if you increase the labour force of OECD countries by 3 per cent, or 15m people, with the same distribution across occupations, the benefits would be larger than if all the countries of the world liberalised their trade," he said.

希夫表示，這些好處應當為勞動力接收國提供有力的理由，實施暫時移民制度，例如，可以規定工人的部分工資在其本國支付，只有在工人最終回國時才能拿到。他表示，這種制度將保留匯款給貧窮國家帶來的好處，減少發展中國家的人才流失，并有利于勞動力接收國控制自己的人口規模。

Mr Schiff says these benefits should provide a strong argument for countries that receive labour to adopt systems for temporary migration in which, for instance, a proportion of a worker's salary is paid in the home country and is only available after the worker's final return. Such a system, he said, would maintain the benefits of remittances to poor countries, cut the brain drain from the developing world and let host countries control the size of their population.