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Governments need to be more hardheaded. There is a crucial role for an activist state in supporting the construction of key infrastructure, such as transmission lines, and in research and development. But the overwhelming priority must be to catalyse a bigger surge in private investment, in two ways.
各國政府需要更加冷靜。積極的國家在支持輸電線路等關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)以及研發(fā)方面都能發(fā)揮至關(guān)重要的作用。但當務之急必須是從兩個方面推動私人投資的大幅增長。
First, by easing planning rules. The average global mining project takes 16 years to get approval; the typical wind project in America over a decade to get lease approvals and permits, which is one reason why its offshore-wind capacity is less than 1% of Europe’s. Speed requires centralised decision-making, and will often mean disappointing local NIMBYs and conservationists.
首先，放寬規(guī)劃規(guī)則。全球采礦項目平均需要16年才能獲得批準；美國普通的風力發(fā)電項目要經(jīng)過十年才能獲得租賃批準和許可，這也是其海上風力發(fā)電產(chǎn)能不及歐洲1%的原因之一。加速審批需要集中決策，這往往意味著會造成當?shù)氐泥彵馨Y群體和環(huán)保主義者失望。
Second, governments can help companies and investors deal with risks. They can provide certainty in some areas: for example, by guaranteeing minimum prices for power generation. Western governments also have a duty to provide cheap financing to lift investment in poorer countries. But the key is the introduction of carbon prices which embed market signals into millions of everyday commercial decisions and give entrepreneurs and investors more visibility over a long-term horizon. Today only 22% of the world’s greenhouse-gas emissions are covered by pricing schemes, and those schemes are not joined up. Green bottlenecks are a sign that decarbonisation is at last shifting from being a theoretical idea to a reality. A powerful push is now needed to help make the revolution happen.
其次，政府可以幫助企業(yè)和投資者應對風險。它們可以在某些方面給予保證：例如，確保發(fā)電的最低價格。西方政府也有責任提供廉價融資，以提升對窮國的投資。但關(guān)鍵是碳價格的引入，它將市場信號納入數(shù)百萬日常商業(yè)決策中，給予企業(yè)家和投資者更長遠的視野。如今，碳價計劃只覆蓋了全球溫室氣體排放量的22%，而這些計劃之間毫無關(guān)聯(lián)。綠色瓶頸標志著脫碳終于從理論轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實。現(xiàn)在需要強有力的推動來幫助實現(xiàn)這場革命。
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