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英國(guó)衛(wèi)報(bào):小冰塊下的大生意(5)

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The freezer aisle of a major supermarket is a cutthroat place to stake a claim: the product, after all, is frozen water, so no retailer in its right mind is going to stock competing brands. Relationships with major retailers are king, and when The Ice Co didn't have them, it bought up the companies that did (most notably Polarcube, in 1997, which unlocked the coveted Asda account). A move into a new facility in 2006 allowed the growing company to move its production line into the 21st century – ice is now escorted through it by robots, untouched by human hand – and to solve the perennial problem of cold storage. Ice, unsurprisingly, is a seasonal product, and the laborious task of building up enough stock to survive the summer begins months ahead of time.

大型超市的冰柜是一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的地方:畢竟產(chǎn)品是冷凍水,所以沒(méi)有哪個(gè)頭腦正常的零售商會(huì)儲(chǔ)備競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的品牌。和大型零售商搞好關(guān)系就是王道,The Ice Co在不具備這種關(guān)系時(shí),它會(huì)去收購(gòu)那些具備這種關(guān)系的公司(其中最著名的是1997年收購(gòu)Polarcube,它打開(kāi)了令人垂涎的阿斯達(dá)超市的份額)。2006年,這家成長(zhǎng)中的公司搬到了新工廠,使其生產(chǎn)線進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)——冰塊現(xiàn)在由機(jī)器人護(hù)送,不受人工影響,并解決了長(zhǎng)期存在的冷藏問(wèn)題。沒(méi)錯(cuò),冰塊屬于季節(jié)性產(chǎn)品,而建立足夠的庫(kù)存以迎合夏季的大量需求需要提前幾個(gè)月開(kāi)始準(zhǔn)備。

Then came an overextension: London. The capital proved inhospitable ground from the moment The Ice Co opened an office there in 2007: competition from Eskimo Ice ("king of the cube in London", The Ice Co begrudgingly admits) and a slew of other brands was robust. "It was very, very difficult to keep control of," Metcalfe said: "There was no loyalty." When The Ice Co entered London, ice was £7 per 12kg bag. Seven years later, it was £3.50. This price pressure, combined with the highly fragmented nature of the local market – dozens if not hundreds of individual businesses, as opposed to a handful of national retailers – proved too much of a challenge, and The Ice Co closed its London office in 2014.

之后出現(xiàn)了過(guò)度擴(kuò)張:倫敦。自2007年The Ice Co公司在倫敦開(kāi)設(shè)辦事處以來(lái),事實(shí)證明,倫敦不適合發(fā)展:來(lái)自愛(ài)斯基摩冰(“倫敦冰立方之王”,雖然Ice公司不想承認(rèn))和其他眾多品牌的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)十分激烈。“這是非常、非常難以控制的,”梅特卡夫說(shuō):“我們沒(méi)有忠誠(chéng)的消費(fèi)者。”The Ice Co公司進(jìn)入倫敦時(shí)其冰塊是每袋12公斤,價(jià)格7英鎊,7年后降到了3.5英鎊。事實(shí)證明,價(jià)格壓力加上當(dāng)?shù)厥袌?chǎng)的高度分散——與少數(shù)全國(guó)性零售商相比,就算沒(méi)有數(shù)百個(gè),也有幾十個(gè)個(gè)體企業(yè)——是一個(gè)巨大的挑戰(zhàn),The Ice Co于2014年關(guān)閉了其倫敦辦事處。

fruit+ice+cubes_副本.png

By this point, though, there were other, more promising signals that things had started to change. To call what happened in the years following 2007's Great Recession the "British Ice Boom" is only overselling it insomuch as our consumption of ice still lags way behind the US. But it would be entirely fair to say that, in the UK, ice was finally starting to get cool.

然而,在這一點(diǎn)上,出現(xiàn)了其他更有希望的信號(hào),表明事情已經(jīng)開(kāi)始發(fā)生變化。把2007年經(jīng)濟(jì)大衰退后的幾年發(fā)生的事情稱(chēng)為“英國(guó)冰塊的繁榮”只是夸大其詞,因?yàn)橛?guó)的冰塊銷(xiāo)量仍遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于美國(guó)。但可以這么說(shuō),在英國(guó),冰終于“酷”起來(lái)了。

When the American author Matt Yglesias ignited a Twitter firestorm by referring to Europe as "a continent where they don't have ice cubes" in September this year, he was in fact far from the first American to note the dearth of ice in continental beverages. In Notes from a Big Country (published 1998), Bill Bryson wrote about the various culture shocks he experienced after returning to the US after decades spent in the UK, chief among them "the staunch conviction that ice is not a luxury item". And in his 2001 New Yorker profile of the ice magnate James Stuart, "The Emperor of Ice", Ian Parker would compare the US's voracious demand for ice to that of Europe, a region "stuck at an earlier stage of development", citing the British capital as ground zero of ice parsimoniousness ("Few things are more amusing to an American iceman than a gin-and-tonic in a London pub: the grudging tongs, the single cube").

今年9月,美國(guó)作家馬特·伊格萊西亞斯稱(chēng)歐洲是“一個(gè)沒(méi)有冰塊的大陸”,在推特上引發(fā)了一場(chǎng)風(fēng)暴。事實(shí)上,他遠(yuǎn)不是第一個(gè)注意到歐洲飲料缺乏冰塊的美國(guó)人。在比爾·布萊森于1998年出版的《大國(guó)筆記》一書(shū)中,他描述了自己在英國(guó)生活數(shù)十年后回到美國(guó)后經(jīng)歷的各種文化沖擊,其中最主要的一點(diǎn)就是“堅(jiān)信冰不是奢侈品”。2001年,伊恩·帕克在《紐約客》上對(duì)冰業(yè)巨頭詹姆斯·斯圖爾特的簡(jiǎn)介《冰之王》中,將美國(guó)對(duì)冰的貪婪需求與“停留在較早發(fā)展階段"的歐洲進(jìn)行了比較,并將英國(guó)首都倫敦稱(chēng)為“冰塊的洼地”。(“對(duì)一個(gè)美國(guó)冰人來(lái)說(shuō),沒(méi)有什么比在倫敦酒吧里喝一杯杜松子酒和奎寧水更有趣的了:不情愿的鉗子,一塊冰”)。

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