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Introverts can often feel antisocial — at least, in a way.
內向的人通常不擅社交——至少在某種程度上是這樣。
They can feel pretty 'anti' being social, preferring to end a long week by doing their own thing instead of living it up at a big party.
他們可能會覺得自己很“不合群”，喜歡在漫長的一周結束后做自己的事情，而不是在大型派對上盡情狂歡。
But when psychologists talk about being antisocial, that's not really what they mean.
但當心理學家說到不擅社交時，真正的意思并不是這，
Instead, they're referring to behaviors like manipulation, deceitfulness, and recklessness.
而是指的是操縱、欺騙和魯莽等行為。
In other words, someone isn't avoiding social interactions; they're engaging in negative ones.
換句話說，有些人并沒有避免社交，他們在社交時表現的很消極。
And when those behaviors become a primary part of someone's personality,
當這些行為在一個人性格中占主體時，
they might be diagnosed with Antisocial Personality Disorder, or ASPD.
這些人可能會被診斷為反社會人格障礙。
It's one of the most easily misunderstood conditions out there, and it's often easy to portray someone with it as heartless.
人們很容易產生誤解，通常很輕易地被將其描述為無情之人。
But that's totally not true.
但事實并非如此。
Here's what's really going on.
實際情況是這樣。
ASPD affects around 1 to 3% of the population,
大約1%到3%的人患有反社會性人格障礙，
and according to the DSM-V, the latest version of the handbook doctors use to make diagnoses, it requires a few key symptoms.
根據DSM-V——醫生用來診斷的最新版本手冊，反社會性人格障礙有一些主要癥狀。
First, individuals have to show impairments in regulating their own behavior.
首先，個體必須在調節自身行為上有缺陷。
That could look like being strongly self-centered or having trouble conforming to laws or ethical norms.
看起來像是強烈的以自我為中心，或者很難遵守法律或道德規范。
They also have to show impairments in interacting with others, like by exploiting people as their main way into relationships, or by not having remorse after hurting someone.
他們還必須在與他人交往中表現出缺陷，比如利用他人作為建立人際關系的主要途徑，或者在傷害他人后沒有悔恨之意。
And they should frequently show so-called antagonistic or disinhibited personality traits, which include things like manipulation, hostility, risk-taking, and impulsivity.
他們應該經常表現出所謂的敵對或不受抑制的個性特征，包括操縱、敵意、冒險和沖動。
Finally, these impairments should all be stable over time and in different situations,
最后，這些障礙是不會隨著時間的推移和情況的改變而變化的，
and shouldn't be better explained by things like medication, or someone's social and cultural environment.
也不應該用藥物，或者某人的社會文化環境來解釋。
It's also important to point out that, although they often get lumped together,
重要的一點是，盡管它們經常被歸為一類，
some psychologists don't consider ASPD to be the same as psychopathy, another disorder not included in the DSM.
但是一些心理學家認為，反社會性人格障礙不等同于精神病——一種精神紊亂，不包括在DSM之內。
It's an ongoing debate, but they argue that, while these conditions share a lot of common characteristics and often happen at the same time, they don't overlap completely.
心理學家對此爭論不休，但是他們認為，雖然有很多共同點，而且經常同時發生，但是并沒有完全重疊。
So there's a lot that goes into ASPD, and the things that cause it seem to be equally complex.
所以，關于反社會性人格障礙有很多東西，使得它看起來同樣復雜。
From what researchers can tell, the disorder has a strong genetic component, but also an environmental one.
根據研究，這種疾病不僅有很強的遺傳性，還受環境的影響。
One 2010 meta-analysis suggested that around 56% of the variation in symptoms can be attributed to genetics.
2010年的一項分析顯示，約56%的變異可歸因于遺傳。
But studies looking at how the condition develops show us that's not the whole story.
但是研究表明，從其發展情況來看，還不止于此。
Multiple papers have found that factors like abuse or neglect during childhood can make someone more likely to develop ASPD, especially if one of their parents was diagnosed with it.
多篇論文發現，童年時期的虐待或忽視等因素，尤其是如果父母一方被診斷出患有這種疾病，會使人更容易患上反社會性人格障礙。
That could be because the stress in those environments can influence gene activity, which can ultimately affect brain functioning.
這可能是因為環境壓力會影響基因活動，而基因活動最終會影響大腦功能。
But that doesn't mean everyone with the disorder had a rough childhood, either.
但這并不意味著每個患有這種疾病的人童年都很糟糕。
Figuring out exactly what triggers this condition has been tricky, because it's probably not just one thing.
準確地找出觸發這種情況的原因很難，因為它可能不僅僅是一件事。
Besides investigating where ASPD comes from, other researchers have also studied what it looks like in the brain.
除了研究反社會性人格障礙的來源，其他研究人員也研究了大腦結構。
And they've found that many of those with this disorder have various atypicalities in their brain's structure and function.
結果發現，很多患有這種疾病人的大腦結構和功能上都有各種各樣的非典型性。
For example, a 2013 meta-analysis looked at 12 studies involving brain scans of roughly 300 individuals with antisocial behavior and almost 250 controls.
例如，2013年的一項分析涉及12個研究，研究人員對有反社會行為的300人進行了腦部掃描，250人進行了對照試驗。
It found that those with antisocial behavior tended to have less gray matter in three areas involved with emotional processing.
研究發現，那些有反社會行為人的大腦中與情緒處理有關的三個區域的灰質較少。
Gray matter is the type of tissue that contains most of the brain's cell bodies and synapses.
灰質是包含大部分大腦細胞體和突觸的一種組織。
This suggests that those with ASPD aren't just disinterested in other people's emotions.
這表明患有反社會性人格障礙的人不僅對他人的情緒不感興趣。
Their brains actually have structural differences that make it really tricky to fully understand them.
他們的大腦結構上實際上有差異，這使得完全理解起來非常困難。
This idea was supported by another study in 2016, which looked at 83 people who had commited crimes.
這一觀點得到了2016年另一項研究的支持，該研究調查了83名犯罪嫌疑人。
It found that participants with ASPD had more trouble visualizing the mental states of others.
研究發現，患有反社會性人格障礙的參與者在想象他人心理狀態方面的困難要更多。
That likely explains why many people with this disorder become involved with things like crime or illicit drugs.
這可能解釋了為什么許多患有這種疾病的人會卷入犯罪或非法毒品等事件。
If someone can't easily picture other people's reaction to their behavior, it could make those kinds of activities seem less harmful.
如果一個人無法輕易地描繪出其他人對自己行為的反應，這可能會讓這些行為看起來不那么有害。
Thanks to its symptoms, it can be really easy to think ASPD makes someone totally incapable of having close relationships —
根據這些癥狀，我們可以很輕易地認為，反社會性人格障礙使人無法無法與別人保持親密——
or that someone with it would even want them.
或者說反社會性人格障礙的人甚至想要這種親密。
But that isn't true.
但事實并非如此。
Many will love and appreciate a select handful of close family or friends, and their symptoms might even be less severe around them.
許多人喜歡和重視少數幾個親密的家人或朋友，他們周圍的癥狀甚至可能不那么嚴重。
But outside of that inner circle, the condition make it much harder to have empathy or feelings towards others.
但在這個核心圈子之外，這種情況會讓你更難對他人產生同理心或感覺。
Still, many with ASPD will hide their diagnosis purely because of the stigma attached to it— which is never a good thing.
盡管如此，許多患有反社會性人格障礙的人會完全隱藏他們的診斷，因為這是一種恥辱，這從來都不是一件好事。
Like with any personality disorder, it's important to remember that, even if someone's brain works differently… well, that just means it works differently.
就像任何一種人格障礙一樣，重要的是要記住，即使某人的大腦運作方式不同，也只是意味著方式不同而已。
It doesn't mean they're a lesser person because of it.
這并不意味著他們因此而低人一等。
For psychologists, the next big steps in research are to learn more about what causes the disorder,
對心理學家來說，研究的下一個重要步驟是了解更多障礙產生的原因，
and also how to treat it, since these symptoms often disrupt someone's quality of life.
以及如何治療，因為這些癥狀通常會影響人們的生活質量。
That said, treatment options are pretty limited right now.
也就是說，目前的治療方法非常有限。
Some studies suggest that methods such as cognitive behavioral therapy, which is designed to change negative thought patterns and behaviors, may help.
一些研究表明，旨在改變消極思維模式和行為的認知行為療法可能會有所幫助。
But other studies showed no effect.
但其他研究沒有顯示出效果。
The good news is, we are getting better at treating conditions like this in general.
好消息是，總的來說，我們在這一情況的處理上做得越來越好。
In the past, psychologists concluded that personality disorders just can't be addressed with treatment.
過去，心理學家得出結論：人格障礙不能通過治療來解決。
But that idea has recently begun to change, and we're starting to see more effective therapies for other personality disorders.
但是最近這一想法開始改變，我們開始看到對其他人格障礙更有效的治療方法。
So, maybe in the future, we'll see some reliable treatment options for this one, too.
所以，在未來，也許我還會看到一些可靠的治療方法。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感謝收看本期心理科學秀！
We believe psychology is all about understanding what makes us human, and we're really thankful for our patrons on Patreon who help us keep making episodes like this.
我們相信，心理學是關于了解我們成為人類的原因，我們真的很感謝Patreon對本節目的支持，他們幫助我們不斷制作這樣的劇集。
If you want to support free psychology education online and help us explore more of what makes us tick, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果你想支持免費的在線心理學內容，幫助我們探索更多令人興奮的知識，可以訪問patreon.com/scishow。
