評論
打印
It's pretty widely known that what someone does while they're pregnant can affect their baby in big ways.
眾所周知，人在懷孕期間的行為在很大程度上會影響到孩子。
Like, you might have heard how pregnant people should stay away from certain foods, like some kinds of raw fish,
比如，你可能聽說過孕婦應該遠離某些食物，比如某些生魚片，
because of the potential negative health effects.
因為它對人的健康會造成潛在的威脅。
But it turns out that a pregnant person's diet could have less significant effects on their baby, too.
但事實證明，孕婦的飲食對寶寶的影響可能也沒那么大。
Some research suggests that what they eat during pregnancy might affect the flavors their child likes even years after birth.
一些研究表明，孕婦在懷孕期間吃的食物可能會在孩子出生幾年后影響孩子喜歡的口味，
So whether you're a huge fan of garlic or can't get enough of sugary cereals, your time in the womb might be at least partly responsible.
所以，不管你是大蒜的超級粉絲，還是不能攝入足夠的含糖谷類食物，你在子宮里的經歷可能至少是部分原因。
We experience flavors mainly thanks to our senses of taste and smell, specifically, to the taste receptors in our mouths and the smell receptors in our noses.
我們體驗味道主要歸功于我們的味覺和嗅覺，特別是我們口中的味覺感受器和鼻子里的嗅覺感受器。
In the womb, these cells begin developing pretty early, sometime around the first trimester.
在子宮中，這些細胞很早大約在懷孕的前三個月就開始發育。
But since a fetus gets its nutrients through blood vessels in the umbilical cord, it might seem like these cells just don't experience much for a while.
但是由于胎兒的營養是通過臍帶中的血管獲得的，所以看似這些細胞似乎暫時沒有體驗太多的味道。
Except, they totally do.
然而，并不是這樣。
See, during development, a fetus is surrounded by a protective liquid called the amniotic fluid.
胎兒在發育過程中被一種叫做羊水的保護性液體包圍著。
As they grow, they start to frequently inhale and swallow this stuff, and it's not just some tasteless goop.
隨著成長，寶寶開始頻繁地吸入和吞咽這些液體，不僅僅是一些無味的黏糊糊的東西。
Research has shown that what a pregnant person eats can actually affect how this liquid smells and tastes.
研究表明，孕婦的飲食實際上會影響這種液體的氣味和味道。
For example, a study published in 1995 in Chemical Senses found that when five pregnant women took garlic pills, samples of the amniotic fluid from four of them smelled like garlic.
例如，1995年發表在Chemical Senses 雜志上的一項研究發現，當五名孕婦服用大蒜藥丸時，其中四名孕婦的羊水樣本聞起來像大蒜。
And other studies with different flavors have found similar results.
其他不同味道的研究也發現了類似結果。
Now, we can't say for sure that fetuses can actually recognize the taste of this fluid.
現在，我們不能確定胎兒是否真的能識別這種液體的味道。
But they have been observed swallowing more of it when it tastes sweeter, and less when it tastes bitter, which suggests they might know what's going on.
但是他們觀察到，當食物嘗起來更甜時，胎兒會吞下更多，而當食物嘗起來更苦時，胎兒會吞下更少，這表明胎兒可能知道發生了什么。
Either way, we can definitely say that before birth, their taste and smell receptors are getting drenched in this stuff.
不管怎樣，我們可以肯定地說，在出生前，孩子的味覺和嗅覺被這些物質浸透了。
But just because you're exposed to the taste of garlic during development doesn't necessarily mean you'll come into the world craving pasta.
但是，僅僅因為你在發育過程中接觸到了大蒜的味道，并不一定意味著你會渴望面食。
To figure that out, researchers have also investigated whether so-called prenatal taste experiences can have lasting effects even after birth.
為了弄清楚這一點，研究人員還調查了所謂的產前味覺體驗是否會在孩子出生后產生持久的影響。
The main study on this, which was published in the journal Pediatrics, came out in 2011, and it looked at almost 50 pregnant women, divided into three roughly equal groups.
發表在2011年《小兒科》雜志上的這方面主要研究調查了近50名孕婦，大致分為三組。
One group drank carrot juice several times a week for three weeks during their last trimester.
其中一組在最后三個月每周喝幾次胡蘿卜汁，持續三周。
Another drank water during pregnancy but carrot juice while they were nursing, since flavor can also be transmitted through breast milk.
另一組在懷孕期間喝水，但在哺乳期間喝胡蘿卜汁，因為味道也可以通過母乳傳播。
And the third group just drank water.
第三組只喝水。
Once their babies were a few months old and starting to eat solid food, the moms brought them into the lab, and the babies were recorded eating two types of cereal.
當寶寶幾個月大，開始吃固體食物時，媽媽們把將其帶到實驗室，記錄下寶寶吃兩種谷物的情況。
One type was unflavored, and the other was flavored with carrot juice.
一種是無味的，另一種是用胡蘿卜汁調味的。
Then, the researchers had the moms, who weren't told the point of the study, rate how much they thought their kids enjoyed the food.
然后，研究人員讓沒有被告知研究目的的媽媽們給孩子對食物的喜愛程度進行評分。
Carrot cereal sounds pretty gross, but it turned out that the babies who were exposed to that flavor in the womb were rated as liking it more than the other two groups of kids.
胡蘿卜麥片聽起來很惡心，但事實證明，在子宮里就接觸過這種味道的寶寶比其他兩組孩子更喜歡。
This was backed up by video recordings of the taste test, too.
這也得到了味覺測試錄像的支持。
Overall, babies who had been exposed to the carrot flavor before birth, or during nursing,
總的來說，那些在出生前或者在哺乳期間就接觸過胡蘿卜味道的寶寶，
made significantly fewer negative faces in the first two minutes of the taste test when eating that cereal.
在吃麥片的前兩分鐘的味覺測試中，做出負面表情的人要少得多。
So, what pregnant people might actually affect how much their baby enjoys certain foods.
所以，孕婦的飲食可能會影響寶寶對某些食物的喜愛程度。
In a way, this isn't that surprising, because we all tend to like things that we're familiar with.
在某種程度上，這并不奇怪，因為我們都傾向于喜歡我們熟悉的東西。
But the fact that this whole process begins before you're even born is pretty mind-blowing.
但事實上，整個過程在你出生之前就開始了，這是非常令人興奮的。
Like, these babies enjoyed carrots before they had eaten a single piece of actual food.
比如，這些寶寶在吃下一片真正的食物之前就喜歡吃胡蘿卜。
Of course, this study is really the only one that's explored prenatal taste experiences so far, so more research would help prove this.
當然，到目前為止，這項研究是唯一一項探索產前味覺體驗的研究，所以更多的研究將有助于證明這一點。
But there have been more studies done about how what a baby eats early in life can affect their preferences.
但是已經有更多關于寶寶的早期飲食如何影響他們偏好的研究。
And those effects seem to last well into childhood.
這些影響似乎會一直持續到童年。
Most of these studies focused on breastmilk and formula.
這些研究大多集中在母乳和配方奶粉上。
People who are breastfeeding tend to have diets that include lots of different flavors.
母乳喂養的人往往會有很多不同口味的飲食。
And since flavors are passed through the milk, that means their baby experiences them, too.
因為味道是通過牛奶傳遞的，這就意味著他們的寶寶也會體驗到這種味道。
Some studies have shown that this early variety is linked to kids eating more vegetables, or at least being willing to try them, when they're as old as six or seven.
一些研究表明，這種早期的蔬菜品種與孩子吃更多的蔬菜，或者至少在他們六、七歲的時候愿意嘗試蔬菜有關。
Basically, the idea is that because they experienced so many tastes in infancy, they're more willing to try new flavors when they're older.
基本上，這種想法是因為他們在嬰兒時期經歷了如此多的口味，當他們長大后，他們更愿意嘗試新的口味。
Kids who are given formula tend to have a less varied taste experience,
食用配方奶粉的孩子，他們的味覺體驗變化更少，
but research shows that formula affects their taste development, too.
但研究表明，配方也會影響孩子的味覺發育。
Like, one 2010 study with more than 800 ten-year-olds found that
比如，2010年一項針對800多名10歲兒童的研究發現
the kids who were fed a certain formula as babies were more willing to accept a similar flavor than kids who were fed something else as infants.
嬰兒時期吃某種配方奶粉的孩子比吃其他東西的孩子更愿意接受類似配方奶粉的味道。
All this suggests that what your parent ate during pregnancy, or what you were fed shortly after birth, can have surprisingly long-lasting impacts on your life.
所有這些都表明，你的媽媽在懷孕期間吃的食物，或者你出生后不久吃的食物，對你的生活有著意想不到的長期影響。
There aren't studies looking at how this all applies to, say, college students,
沒有研究關注這些是如何應用于，比如大學生，
and there are plenty of other things that go into your favorite foods, like sociocultural factors, genetics, and even how the food is presented.
在你最喜歡的食物中還有很多其他的東西，比如社會文化因素、基因，甚至食物的呈現方式。
But the next time you're cooking up a big batch of carrots or some garlicky past90a, know that this might have something to do with what you were eating before you were even born!
但是下次當你烹飪一大堆胡蘿卜或蒜味意大利面時，要知道這可能和你出生前吃的食物有關！
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感謝收看本期心理科學秀
If you'd like to learn more about your sense of taste, and the surprising psychology that affects it,
如果你想了解更多關于味覺以及影響味覺的心理學內容，
you can watch our episode about how restaurants might be using psychology to trick you.
可以觀看我們的節目，餐館是如何利用心理學欺騙你的。
