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We all sort of know that music tugs at our heartstrings.
我們都知道音樂能撥動我們的心弦。
Think of the excitement you feel at a rock concert or the lump you get in your throat when the first dance starts at your friends' wedding.
想想你在搖滾音樂會中感受到的興奮，或者在朋友婚禮上第一支舞蹈時的哽咽。
Think of that holiday music nostalgia
想想節日音樂的懷舊思緒
The First Noel or how nice it is to dance around your kitchen to your favorite Spotify playlist.
第一支圣誕歌，或者跟著你最喜歡的聲破天（流媒體音樂平臺）播放列表在廚房里翩翩起舞是多么美妙。
And like, there's definitely a reason that the soundtrack for a horror film is nothing like the one for a romcom.
恐怖片和浪漫喜劇的原聲音樂完全不同是有原因的。
But the question of why music gives us the feels is a trickier one,
但是為什么音樂能帶給我們這種感覺的問題較難回答，
and it's something psychologists have been investigating for a long time.
心理學家研究這一問題研究了很久。
Turns out, this research might be so difficult because there are a whole bunch of explanations.
事實證明，這項研究可能非常困難，因為原因有很多。
First, it's worth pointing out that music really is universal.
首先，值得指出的是，音樂確實具有普遍性。
whether you're hearing it through your ears or feeling something like rhythm through vibrations.
不管你是通過耳朵聽還是通過振動感受節奏。
It's been found to be part of every known human culture, and even as infants, we react to and enjoy it.
人們發現，音樂是我們熟知的人類文化的一部分，甚至在嬰兒時期，我們就對它做出反應并享受其中。
Different cultures also seem to use similar types of music for similar things.
不同的文化似乎也利用相似類型的音樂來做類似的事情。
This kind of suggests that music has an evolutionary purpose, which is something that scientists as far back as Darwin have proposed.
早在達爾文時代，科學家就提出，音樂具有進化性
They've suggested it could have been a kind of language before we had words, or an auditory way to convey what's usually expressed by movement.
他們認為，在文字出現之前，音樂可能是一種語言或者是一種聽覺方式來傳達我們一般通過動作表達的事物。
But even if there's a good reason for why humans have embraced music,
即使有一個正當理由來解釋為什么人類喜歡音樂，
it's a little more complicated to explain exactly how it influences our emotions.
但要確切地解釋它是如何影響我們的情緒，就有點復雜了。
It's so complicated that, for a while, some researchers actually thought that it didn't.
它是如此復雜，以至于有一段時間，一些研究人員實際上認為音樂沒有影響我們的情緒。
They argued that the feels were just the result of tension being released as our expectations were met and violated by what happened in a song.
研究人員認為，這種感覺只是緊張被釋放的結果，因為我們的期望在一首歌中得到滿足和違背。
If you've ever gone "uhhhhh" at a dissonant and arrhythmic piece of modern classical music,
如果你聽過現代古典音樂中不諧和和無節奏的部分，
you probably know that expectations do matter when it comes to listening to music.
你可能知道，在聽音樂的時候，期望是很重要的。
But many researchers now argue that, while expectations might be one way songs influence us,
現在，許多研究人員認為，期望可能是歌曲影響我們的一種方式，
you really /are/ feeling emotions when an angry ballad brings you to tears.
當一首憤怒的民謠讓你流淚時，你真的/正在/感受著情緒。
There's a lot of evidence that, when you listen to a piece of music, something is going on in your body and brain…
有很多證據表明，當你聽一段音樂時，你的身體和大腦正在發生變化……
and that's kind of hard to ignore.
這是很難忽略的。
For example, some studies have found differences in participants' heart rates and blood pressures when listening to happy, uptempo, tonal music versus sadder, slower, more dissonant stuff.
例如，一些研究發現，當受試者聽快樂、快節奏、有調性的音樂時，他們的心率和血壓與聽悲傷、慢節奏、不和諧音樂時的心率和血壓存在差異。
Admittedly, it's hard to say whether the music changed how positive people actually felt or just got them more riled up.
誠然，很難說音樂到底是讓他們變的更加積極，還是讓他們更加憤怒。
But another study got around that a bit by looking at how music affected subjects' interpretation of facial expressions.
但另一項研究通過觀察音樂如何影響受試者的面部表情，稍微繞過了這一問題。
They found that happy music made happy, neutral, and sad faces seem happier, while sad music made them seem sadder.
他們發現快樂的音樂使快樂、沒有表情、悲傷的臉看起來更快樂，而悲傷的音樂使他們看起來更悲傷。
That seemed to suggest the music was making them feel things and influencing their perception of emotions.
這似乎表明音樂讓他們感覺事物并影響他們對情感的感知。
And a 2014 research review published in Nature found that many of the brain regions we associate with emotion --
2014年發表在《自然》雜志上的一篇研究發現，我們大腦中許多與情感有關的區域——
like the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus -- are involved when we listen to songs.
就像伏隔核、杏仁核和海馬體一樣，當我們聽歌曲時也會參與其中。
So there's definitely some emotion-related stuff going on in your brain when you plug in your headphones.
所以當你戴上耳機的時候，你的大腦里肯定會有一些與情緒相關的東西。
But why and how those things happen is a much harder question to answer.
但這些事情為什么會發生，又是如何發生的，是一個更難回答的問題。
For one, the research hasn't been totally consistent.
首先，研究并不完全一致。
Different studies have asked slightly different questions when they've investigated music and emotion --
不同的研究在調查音樂和情感時問的問題上略有不同
like "What do you feel when you hear this?" versus "What do you hear in the music?"
比如“當你聽到這個的時候你有什么感覺?”或者“你在音樂中聽到了什么?”
If you aren't paying close attention to what the researchers asked their participants,
如果你沒有密切關注研究人員問受試者的問題，
it can make the results of their studies seem confusing or even contradictory.
這會使他們的研究結果看起來很困惑甚至很矛盾。
And then there are all the potential mechanisms for how music gives us emotions.
還有所有關于音樂如何給予我們情感的潛在機制。
In 2008, in a paper from Behavioral and Brain Sciences, researchers argued that there may be as many as six, including things like reflexes in the brain stem,
2008年，在《行為與腦科學》雜志的一篇論文中，研究人員提出，大腦中可能有多達六種物質，包括腦干的反射，
but also more cognitive things like musical expectancy.
還有更多認知方面的事物，比如音樂預期。
Like, even though the emotions are real, they could still be caused by expectations, like older researchers thought.
比如，即使這些情緒是真實的，它們仍然可能是由期望引起的，就像過去研究人員認為的那樣。
Another possible mechanism is that the feelings you get from music happen via a process called emotional contagion,
另一種可能的機制是，你從音樂中獲得的感覺是通過一個叫做情緒感染的過程產生的，
where you mirror the emotion that you hear happening in the piece.
該過程映射出你在樂曲中聽到的情感。
But how this happens in the brain is still unknown.
但這是如何在大腦中發生的仍然未知。
And then there's the idea that your memories can have something to do with how songs make you feel.
還有一種想法是，你的記憶可能與歌曲帶給你的感覺有關。
Research has shown that melodies can evoke strong autobiographical memories,
研究表明，旋律能喚起強烈的自傳式記憶，
meaning that a song really can take you back to when and where and what was happening when you listened to it.
這意味著一首歌真的可以將你帶回到你聽這首歌的時間、地點以及聽這首歌時發生的事情
So it's totally possible that by bringing up a memory, a song could invoke the emotions associated with it, rather than one that's built into the song itself.
所以一首歌完全有可能喚起與之相關的情感，喚起的是記憶而非歌曲本身。
It's why that cute love song you and your ex used to like might make you feel angry or sad instead of all warm and fuzzy inside.
這就是為什么你和你的前任喜歡的那首情歌可能會讓你感到生氣或悲傷，而不是內心溫暖舒適。
So yeah.
是的。
There are a lot of possibilities.
有很多種可能。
In that 2008 paper, the researchers argued that that might be part of the reason why we don't have things figured out yet.
在2008年的那篇論文中，研究人員認為，這可能是我們還不清楚的部分原因。
Having so many possibilites—and failing to distinguish when different ones are responsible in different situations—
這么多的可能性——無法區分不同情況下什么時候是哪種可能——
could be muddying our overall understanding.
可能會混淆我們的整體認識。
And of course, the idea of liking music is a whole separate issue…
當然，喜歡音樂是一個完全不同的問題……
because you totally can get pleasure out of a really sad song.
因為你完全可以從一首悲傷的歌中得到快樂。
It's basically Adele's whole business model.
基本上來說是阿黛爾的整個商業模式。
So we don't totally know how we get from music to feels, but we do definitely know that music makes us feel things.
所以我們并不完全知道我們是如何從音樂中獲得感覺的，但我們確實知道音樂讓我們有感覺。
There are a lot more questions to answer, but they're questions a lot of people care about and are looking into.
還有很多問題需要回答，但是這些問題是很多人關心和研究的。
After all, music is a huge part of most of our lives, and might have also played a role in
畢竟，音樂是我們生活中很大的一部分，也可能在我們的生活中扮演著重要的角色
Our evolutionary history.
音樂就是人類的進化史。
So next time you're sobbing along to the credits of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire or having a spiritual experience at a Beyonce concert…
所以，下次當你為《哈利波特與火焰杯》的演職人員而哭泣，或者在碧昂斯的演唱會上情緒爆發時，
Well, know that you're not alone.
要知道你并不孤單。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感謝收看本期心理科學秀！
If you'd like to learn even more about how how music affects us, you can watch our episode over on the main SciShow channel about why music can sometimes give you the chills.
如果你想知道更多關于音樂是如何影響我們的內容，你可以在科學秀的主頻道上觀看我們本集內容，了解為什么音樂有時會讓你不寒而栗。
