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Ever feel someone watching you?
有沒有感覺到有人在看著你?
Like, you just know they're staring, even if you're not looking at them?
比如，即使不看他們，你也知道他們在盯著你?
It's not some psychic sense, as cool as that would be.
這并不是精神上的感覺，實際情況就是這樣。
Psychology researchers call it gaze detection—your ability to recognize where a person or animal is looking.
心理學研究人員稱之為眼球偵測——識別人或動物在看什么的能力。
And even though we don't have all the answers about how it works in humans, science has provided some pretty good evidence as to what's going on in your brain.
盡管我們還不知道它是如何在人類身上起作用的，但是對于大腦發生的事有科學依據。
Various studies suggest that gaze is processed preferentially by the brain,
多項研究表明，注視優先由大腦處理，
meaning it's processed faster and more accurately than some other kinds of stimuli.
這意味著注視比其他刺激物處理起來更快更準確。
Especially when it's on you, which is called direct gaze.
尤其當目光在你身上的時候，這被稱為直視。
Your brain has a pretty big network of areas that handle different aspects of getting information from faces.
人腦有一個很大的區域網絡，該網絡處理面部來自不同方向的信息。
Like, there are regions that respond to shape, orientation, or specific features. That sort of thing.
例如，有些區域會對形狀、方向或特定特征做出反應，諸如此類的事情。
And when it comes to gaze detection, scientists believe an area in this network called the Superior Temporal Sulcus, or STS, is responsible for telling you exactly where someone else is looking.
當涉及到眼球偵測時，科學家們認為，這個網絡中一個叫做顳上溝的區域負責告訴你到底其他人在看哪里。
Studies looking at a comparable area in the temporal lobe of macaque monkeys found cells that are tuned to the orientation of both the head and gaze direction.
研究人員對獼猴顳葉的一個類似區域進行了觀察，發現這些細胞與頭部和視線方向有關。
For instance, one study from 1985 had macaque monkeys look at faces of other macaques.
例如，1985年的一項研究讓獼猴看其他獼猴的臉。
And they found that 63% of the 182 cells that were probed fired in response to changes in head direction.
他們發現182個細胞中63%的細胞會對頭部方向的改變做出反應。
More than half of that 63% also responded to changes in gaze direction, and a few responded to direct gaze.
63%的細胞中超過一半的細胞對眼球方向的變化做出反應，少數人對直接注視反應。
Researchers assume the Superior Temporal Sulcus works similarly in humans, since performing the same sort of experiments in living humans is too invasive.
研究人員假設顳上溝在人類身上也有類似的效果，因為在活人身上做同樣的實驗太殘忍了。
Now, it's easy enough for your brain to figure out where a gaze is pointed when you're looking right at someone.
現在，當你直視某人的時候，你的大腦很容易就能判斷出注視的方向。
But what about that feeling of being watched when you can't see someone's eyes clearly?
但是，當你看不清楚別人的眼睛時，被注視的感覺又如何呢?
In your peripheral vision, the resolution becomes low enough that details are harder to see—like, where someone's pupils are with respect to the whites of their eyes.
在你的周邊視線中，分辨率足夠低以至于很難看到細節——比如一個人的瞳孔相對于眼白的位置。
In this situation, your brain starts to take head orientation as evidence of direct gaze instead.
在這種情況下，你的大腦開始把頭部的方向作為直接注視的依據。
Researchers studying this in 2015 tested how well participants could identify the gaze direction of faces with different orientations presented at different eccentricities.
2015年，研究人員對這一問題進行了研究，測試了在不同偏心度和臉部朝不同方向的情況下，參與者對于注視方向的識別能力。
They had participants stare straight ahead, so a face straight ahead would be 0 degrees eccentricity,
他們讓參與者直視前方，所以面視前方時，偏心度為0，
and in line with their shoulders would be plus and minus 90 degrees eccentricity.
肩膀方向的偏心度為正負90度。
And they generally found people could accurately tell where a gaze was directed up to 6 degrees eccentricity.
研究人員發現，人們通常能夠準確地判斷偏心度為6的注視方向。
Which isn't that much before we kind of start to suck at it.
在我們開始之前，這個偏心度還不算大。
Overall, gaze discrimination got less accurate farther away from zero degrees.
總的來說，偏心度越大，目光辨別的準確率會降低。
Which makes sense, because farther from zero degrees means more blurry peripheral vision.
這是有道理的，因為距離零度越遠，周邊的視線就越模糊。
As details of eyes became less clear, participants relied more on head orientation to figure gaze out.
視線不那么清晰的時候，參與者更多地依賴頭部方向來判斷注視方向。
This swayed their answers, and wasn't always accurate.
這影響了他們的回答，而且并不總是準確的。
This and the results of a similar study from 2015 showed that if faces in the periphery were pointed right at participants,
這項研究和2015年的一項類似研究的結果表明，如果周邊視線正好對著參與者，
they were more likely to assume it was a direct gaze.
他們很有可能認為那是直視。
So, basically, if someone just out of your line of sight is facing you, your brain assumes they're looking right at you.
所以，基本上來說，如果你視線之外的人正對著你，大腦就會認為他們正盯著你。
If their head is turned, you're more likely to assume they're not looking at you, no matter where they're actually looking.
如果他們轉過頭，你更有可能認為他們沒有在看你，不管他們實際上在看哪里。
And as for the spooky feeling of “that person behind me is looking at me, I can feel it" thing, there is an explanation for that too.
至于“我能感覺到我身后的那個人看著我”這種詭異的感覺，也有一個解釋。
Even though nobody actually has eyes in the backs of their heads.
即使人的后腦勺上沒有眼睛。
Turns out, we might just tend to assume people are looking at us. All the time.
事實證明，我們可能只是傾向于假設人們在看著我們。無時無刻。
In research from 2013, scientists showed participants a series of faces and eyes under different levels of noise filter that basically made them look blurry.
在2013年的一項研究中，科學家向參與者展示了一系列的面孔和眼睛，被置于不同色階的靜噪濾波器下的面孔和眼睛看起來很模糊。
Some were really clear, which made it easier to read the gaze.
有些是非常清晰的，這樣辨別注視的時候會更容易。
And others were pretty obstructed, so they were less easy to guess at.
其他的都被擋住了，就比較難猜了。
The researchers asked participants to judge whether or not the faces were looking at them.
研究人員讓參與者判斷這些臉是否在看著他們。
And they found that in trials where the faces and eyes were obstructed by noise, participants were more likely to perceive the gaze as directed at them.
他們發現，在那些臉和眼睛被靜噪濾波器干擾的實驗中，參與者更有可能感知到他們直視的目光。
In real life, the scientists took this to mean that in situations where you can't know where people are looking—
在現實生活中，科學家們認為，這意味著在你不知道人們看哪里的情況下
like when it's dark, someone's behind you, or they're wearing sunglasses—your brain is automatically making you feel watched.
比如天黑的時候，有人在你身后，或者他們戴著墨鏡——大腦會自動讓你有種被監視的感覺。
And I mean, come on brain!
我是說，加油，大腦!
We're interesting, but not enough to be watched all day, every day, by everyone whose eyes we can't see.
雖然我們很有趣，但還不足以讓我們整天、每天都被那些我們看不見的人注視。
It might sound like sort of a silly assumption if I put it that way.
我這么說，聽起來可能有點傻。
But evolutionarily speaking, knowing when someone or something is looking at you could be really important.
但從進化的角度來說，知道某人或某事什么時候看著你真的很重要。
They might be planning to attack, so it's best to be on guard.
他們可能正計劃進攻，所以保持警惕是最好的方法。
Besides that, knowing if you're being watched also lets you interact socially.
除此之外，知道自己是否被監視也能讓你互動社交。
If someone wants your attention, whether it's your friend or your baby,
如果有人想引起你的注意，不管是你的朋友還是你的孩子，
it's way easier to notice if you're already unconsciously scanning for people looking at you.
如果你已經在無意識地掃描看你的人，你就更容易注意到他們。
So sorry, you're not psychic.
抱歉，你不是巫師。
You just have a solid and comprehensive and well-designed gaze detection system.
你只是擁有一個牢固、全面、設計精良的眼球偵測系統。
And that's just as cool, right?
這也很酷，對吧？
Thanks for learning with us here on SciShow Psych,
感謝您在心理科學秀節目中與我們一起學習，
and thanks especially to our patrons on Patreon whose support makes all these videos possible.
特別感謝Patreon對本節目的支持。
If you want to join our community, you can go to patreon.com/scishow.
如果你想加入我們的社區，你可以登陸patreon.com/scishow。
Or share this video with your friend who swears that he has a spidey sense for being watched.
或者和你有被監視感覺的朋友分享這個視頻。
