評(píng)論
打印
communicating his heart and I don't just mean figuring out what your dad really means
心靈交流，我的意思并不是要弄清你爸爸說(shuō)話的含義
when he says your new hair color is a bold choice
當(dāng)他說(shuō)你新染的顏色很大膽
it takes a whole lot of processing to understand what words people are saying at all
理解人們?cè)谡f(shuō)什么，需要經(jīng)過(guò)大量處理
like say your cousin calls you on the phone to say how excited they are for you to meet their new friend Laurel,
比如說(shuō)你的表弟給你打電話，說(shuō)他們對(duì)于你能見(jiàn)到他們的新朋友勞雷爾
or was it Annie
或者安妮多么激動(dòng)
how you hear language depends a lot on the context like what you're expecting visual cues
聽(tīng)到的語(yǔ)言很大程度上取決于語(yǔ)境，比如期待的視覺(jué)線索
and even what culture you were racing
甚至文化因素
and without those cues you can be tricked into hearing something you actually didn't
如果沒(méi)有這些提示，你可能會(huì)被騙去聽(tīng)一些你實(shí)際上聽(tīng)不出的東西
in English we use about 44 different sounds to communicate
在英語(yǔ)中，我們大約使用44種不同的聲音交流
like C and K can make the same sound
就像C和K可以發(fā)出相同的聲音
but we also need to combine letters to make sounds like th
但是我們還需要把字母組合在一起發(fā)出th的聲音
these units are called phonemes and there are actually hundreds of phonemes used across all the languages on earth
這些單位被稱為音素，實(shí)際上地球上所有語(yǔ)言中都有數(shù)百種音素
but if you only speak English, chances are you can only hear the difference between those 44
但如果你只會(huì)說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，很可能你只聽(tīng)到這44種因素的區(qū)別
for example in the words keep and cool
例如單詞，保持和涼爽
adult English speakers generally hear the same sound at the beginning
通常講英語(yǔ)的成年人士一開(kāi)始聽(tīng)到的聲音相同
but a fluent Arabic speaker would likely hear two different sounds
但是一個(gè)說(shuō)流利阿拉伯語(yǔ)的人可能會(huì)聽(tīng)到兩種不同的聲音
a scratchier key and a sharper Kuh and the weird thing is six-month-old babies can also hear a meaningful difference
一個(gè)是摩擦鑰匙的聲音，一個(gè)是直升機(jī)的聲音，奇怪的是六個(gè)月大的嬰兒也能聽(tīng)到兩者之間大的區(qū)別
this has been tested using habituation studies
這已經(jīng)通過(guò)習(xí)慣研究測(cè)試過(guò)
which are based on the idea that when a baby is sucking on a pacifier and sees something new
習(xí)慣研究基于這樣一種想法：嬰兒吮吸奶嘴時(shí)，當(dāng)看到一些新鮮事物
they're sucking slows down
吸吮的速度變慢
so they can take it all in
這樣?jì)雰壕涂梢匀课M(jìn)去
using this method researchers have found that
通過(guò)這種方法，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)
six month old infants can tell apart pretty much any phonemes you play them through headphones
6個(gè)月大的嬰兒幾乎可以分辨出耳機(jī)播放的任何音素
they seem to be processing all the sounds generally, not through the lens of any particular language
一般來(lái)說(shuō)，他們似乎處理全部的聲音，而不是處理任何特定的語(yǔ)言
but they lose this ability by ten to twelve months
但10~12個(gè)月后他們會(huì)失去這種能力
then they can really only discern sounds from whatever languages they've been surrounded by in that first year
實(shí)際上，他們只能分辨出第一年所接觸到的任何語(yǔ)言的聲音
it's possible that this is because
這可能是因?yàn)?/div>
any extra neural connections that could discern other sounds get eliminated from lack of use
任何可以識(shí)別其他聲音的額外神經(jīng)連接都會(huì)因?yàn)槿狈κ褂枚惶蕴?/div>
language gets lateralized in the brain
語(yǔ)言在大腦中具有單側(cè)性
so after a year we process it pretty much just with our left hemisphere
一年之后，我們僅僅用左腦就可以處理語(yǔ)言
so these phoneme differences can make it tricky to learn new languages
所以這些音素的差異會(huì)讓新語(yǔ)言的學(xué)習(xí)變得棘手
but don't worry there are plenty of chances for confusion in your native language to
但是不要擔(dān)心，在使用母語(yǔ)時(shí)，我們經(jīng)常會(huì)混淆
take the McGurk effect, it's an illusion where people
以McGurk效應(yīng)為例，它是一種錯(cuò)覺(jué)——
think they hear two different sounds based on what someone's face is doing
基于人的面部表情，人們假設(shè)自己聽(tīng)到的是兩種不同的聲音
even though the audio is exactly the same
即使音頻完全一樣
like try this, watch one side of the screen for a couple seconds
就像這樣，看屏幕的一側(cè)幾秒鐘
and then the other and see if you hear a change
然后看另一側(cè)，你是否聽(tīng)到了聲音的變化
bop bop-bop-bop, you really heard was just BA with a B
bop bop-bop-bop，事實(shí)上你聽(tīng)到的只是B開(kāi)頭的BA
but for most people that shifts from ba to fall with an F, depending on the mouth movements you're looking at
但大多數(shù)人以為是從BA轉(zhuǎn)變到FA，這取決于你觀察到的嘴巴動(dòng)作
so what happens if you don't have a person's face to look at
所以，如果不看一個(gè)人的面部表情會(huì)發(fā)生什么
like on a phone call, most of the time people use context to figure out ambiguous sounds
就像打電話一樣，大多數(shù)情況下，人們會(huì)使用語(yǔ)境來(lái)識(shí)別含糊不清的聲音
and one way to see this, is called the ganang effect
有一種方法，叫做加南效應(yīng)
in one study researchers artificially made a sound halfway between a D and a T
在一項(xiàng)研究中，研究人員人工制造了一種介于D和T之間的聲音
so most people couldn't tell the difference
大多數(shù)人都分辨不出二者的區(qū)別
when they put that sound at the start of a word with a SH at the end
當(dāng)把這種聲音放在單詞的開(kāi)頭，尾音是SH
most people think it's a D because Dash is an English word and Tash isn't
大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為是D，因?yàn)镈ash是英語(yǔ)單詞，而Tash不是
but if they put a SK after it, most people think it's a tea
但是如果在單詞的末尾加上SK，大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為這是茶
because task is an English word, even though it's the same ambiguous sound
因?yàn)閠ask是英語(yǔ)單詞，即使它的發(fā)音含糊不清
people's brains are so good at this that you can even replace the sound with a short burst of static
人類大腦在這方面非常擅長(zhǎng)，以至于可以用短爆破音來(lái)代替
and this can be taken to some extremes
這可能會(huì)走入極端
for example listen to this, not a lot there right
比如，聽(tīng)聽(tīng)看這個(gè)，聽(tīng)的不太清，對(duì)嗎
if you don't have any context to guide your expectation
如果你沒(méi)有任何語(yǔ)境來(lái)引導(dǎo)預(yù)期
it can be really hard to understand noisy sounds
嘈雜的聲音理解起來(lái)會(huì)很難
but if you know it's going to be someone saying, the football player lost a shoe
但如果有人說(shuō)足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員丟了一只鞋
it becomes easier to hear that message even though it's garbled, and it's super hard to unhear it
即使信息混亂，也很容易被聽(tīng)到，而且很難不被聽(tīng)到
it's hard to say exactly why these illusions happen
很難確切地說(shuō)這些幻覺(jué)為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)
but neuroimaging studies have found that they tend to involve parts of the temporal lobe
但神經(jīng)影像學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，幻覺(jué)往往涉及部分顳葉
which is involved in hearing and language
顳葉涉及聽(tīng)力和語(yǔ)言
for example one fold of the temporal lobe called the superior temporal sulcus
例如顳葉的一個(gè)褶叫做顳上溝
seems to help integrate auditory and visual information
似乎有助于整合聽(tīng)覺(jué)和視覺(jué)信息
now even if you have context, there's the added fact that people can't hear all frequencies of sound equally well
如今，即使有背景信息，也會(huì)存在這樣的事實(shí)，即人們聽(tīng)到各種頻率聲音的效果不是一樣好
most average people can hear frequencies from about 20 Hertz to 20,000 Hertz
大多數(shù)普通人能聽(tīng)到20~20,000赫茲頻率的聲音
but we hear the range near human voice is best
但是接近人聲范圍內(nèi)的聽(tīng)力效果是最好的
which are usually around 250 to 6,000 Hertz
該范圍通常在250~6,000赫茲
people need to crank really low and really high frequencies up to a higher amplitude
人們需要把極低和極高頻率聲音的振幅調(diào)至更高
in order to perceive them to be the same volume
才能感知兩個(gè)聲音相同的音量
you can illustrate this with an equal loudness curve
可以用等響曲線進(jìn)行說(shuō)明
this probably has to do with the anatomy of the inner ear and which frequencies can reverberate
這可能與內(nèi)耳解剖以及可以混響的頻率有關(guān)
through it the most to stimulate nerves
通過(guò)該頻率神經(jīng)的刺激度達(dá)到最高
although hearing is pretty complex
雖然聽(tīng)力很復(fù)雜
so remember that Yanni and Laurel recording that went viral
還記得風(fēng)靡一時(shí)的雅尼和勞雷爾的錄音嗎
the sound of Yanni was above 4500 Hertz, which is near the top of where our brains expect spoken language to be
雅尼的聲音超過(guò)4500赫茲，這個(gè)聲音接近我們大腦所期望的口語(yǔ)水平的頂端
some people just hear those frequencies a little better or worse
有些人聽(tīng)到的頻率很適合，有些人聽(tīng)到頻率的效果很差
the recording was of the word Laurel
這個(gè)錄音是勞雷爾的聲音
but when it's played back on devices that can't reproduce, lower frequencies is loud
但當(dāng)它在無(wú)法回放的設(shè)備上播放時(shí)，低頻聲音會(huì)很大
some of those Yanni frequencies could be louder by comparison
相比之下，雅尼的頻率可能更大
so it made an ambiguous noise, like the sound halfway between D and T that you could use context to make sense of
所以它發(fā)出了一種介于D和T之間模棱兩可的聲音，可以用語(yǔ)境來(lái)理解
and like the Shoeless football player
就像光腳的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員
lots of people found they could change what they heard just by focusing their brains on one word or the other
許多人發(fā)現(xiàn)，只要把大腦集中在一個(gè)或另一個(gè)單詞上，聽(tīng)到的內(nèi)容就會(huì)改變
basically brains are really weird and amazing
從根本上說(shuō)，大腦的確有些不可思議
so thanks for exploring them with us here on scishow psyche
感謝收看本期的心理科學(xué)秀
to learn about ways to trick your other senses check out our video about the rubber hand illusion
學(xué)習(xí)如何欺騙你的其他感官，請(qǐng)觀看我們的橡膠手錯(cuò)覺(jué)視頻
and don't forget to go to youtube.com/scishow psyche and subscribe
別忘了登陸youtube.com/scishow psyche網(wǎng)站訂閱我們的節(jié)目哦
| 重點(diǎn)單詞 | 查看全部解釋 | |||
| static | ['stætik] |
想一想再看 adj. 靜態(tài)的，靜力的，靜止的，靜電的 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| dash | [dæʃ] |
想一想再看 v. 猛沖，猛擲，潑濺 |
||
| combine | [kəm'bain] |
想一想再看 v. 結(jié)合，聯(lián)合，使結(jié)合 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| burst | [bə:st] |
想一想再看 n. 破裂，陣，爆發(fā) |
||
| comparison | [kəm'pærisn] |
想一想再看 n. 比較 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| curve | [kə:v] |
想一想再看 n. 曲線，彎曲，弧線，彎曲物 |
||
| illustrate | ['iləstreit] |
想一想再看 v. 舉例說(shuō)明，（為書(shū)）作插圖，圖解 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| range | [reindʒ] |
想一想再看 n. 范圍，行列，射程，山脈，一系列 |
||
| figure | ['figə] |
想一想再看 n. 圖形，數(shù)字，形狀; 人物，外形，體型 |
聯(lián)想記憶 | |
| viral | ['vairəl] |
想一想再看 adj. 濾過(guò)性毒菌的，濾過(guò)性毒菌引起的 |
聯(lián)想記憶 |
