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You might have already guessed this if you clicked on this video,
如果你點(diǎn)開(kāi)了這個(gè)視頻，那你可能已經(jīng)猜到了答案，
but we’ll be mentioning topics that some people might be more sensitive to, like assault.
但我們會(huì)提到部分人可能敏感不適的話題，比如侵犯。
That was a trigger warning.
這就是高能預(yù)警。
You’ve probably seen them before— maybe on your film class syllabus last semester,
這個(gè)概念大家可能已經(jīng)知道了 - 你上個(gè)學(xué)期電影課課程大綱里可能就有，
giving people a heads up that one of the movies you’ll watch has a graphic scene depicting an assault.
為的是提醒大家接下來(lái)的電影會(huì)有關(guān)于侵犯的鏡頭。
Or in your sociology class, that you’ll be discussing race-related violence.
討論種族暴力的社會(huì)學(xué)課上可能也出現(xiàn)過(guò)。
The idea behind trigger warnings is to let you know what’s coming,
高能預(yù)警背后的邏輯是告訴大家即將發(fā)生的事情，
so anyone who might find it more difficult because of their past experiences can avoid additional trauma.
從而避免給那些曾經(jīng)有過(guò)痛苦經(jīng)歷因而可能覺(jué)得很難接受相關(guān)內(nèi)容的人群造成二次傷害。
Warnings like these have become one of the most divisive things on college campuses—and on the internet.
在大學(xué)校園里以及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上，類似的預(yù)警已經(jīng)成了爭(zhēng)議最大的問(wèn)題之一。
Some people think they’re important for creating safe and open spaces for everyone,
有些人認(rèn)為，這種預(yù)警對(duì)于為所有人創(chuàng)造一個(gè)安全、開(kāi)放的空間十分重要，
while others believe they coddle people and stifle free speech.
其他人則認(rèn)為這種預(yù)警過(guò)其實(shí)是于嬌慣大家，扼殺了言論自由。
Those arguments have more to do with people’s personal beliefs, so we won’t get into them here.
這些觀點(diǎn)很大程度上與個(gè)人信仰有關(guān)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題我們就先按下不表。
But at their core, trigger warnings are about psychology, which can give you a more objective way of considering whether they’re a good idea.
然而，就其核心而言，高能預(yù)警是一種能讓大家更客觀地考慮要不要看那些內(nèi)容的心理策略。
It doesn’t mean there’s an obvious answer, though.
但這并不意味著就會(huì)有一個(gè)明顯的答案。
The first thing to know is that triggers are very much a real thing for certain people.
首先要知道的是，導(dǎo)火線對(duì)于某些人是真實(shí)存在的。
Some of the core symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD, are all about having a bad reaction to something that reminds a person of their trauma.
創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙，也即PTSD，的部分核心癥狀都跟患者無(wú)法順利面對(duì)會(huì)讓他們想起自己的創(chuàng)傷的事物有關(guān)。
That reaction can involve painful and distressing memories or flashbacks,
他們的反應(yīng)可能包括痛苦的回憶，
where the person relives their trauma—what psychologists call intrusion symptoms.
重溫過(guò)去的創(chuàng)傷——心理學(xué)家稱之為“重新體驗(yàn)癥狀”。
Sometimes these symptoms happen all on their own,
有時(shí)，這些癥狀都是自己出現(xiàn)的，
but in many cases, certain words or images can serve as triggers.
但許多情況下，特定的話語(yǔ)或圖像就是導(dǎo)火索。
So the goal of a trigger warning is to try and keep people with PTSD and related disorders from having to experience intrusion.
因此，高能預(yù)警的目標(biāo)就是努力避免讓PTSD患者和有相關(guān)疾病的人重新體驗(yàn)癥狀。
The thing is, human brains can be strange.
然而，問(wèn)題是，人腦有時(shí)候很奇怪。
So while something obvious like a sexual assault scene in a movie might be a trigger for someone who’s been sexually assaulted,
比如，電影中的性侵鏡頭等顯而易見(jiàn)的導(dǎo)火索有時(shí)的確能刺激到某個(gè)曾經(jīng)有過(guò)被侵犯經(jīng)歷的人，
it also might not.
但也并非總是如此。
Researchers have found that triggers are highly specific to people, and are often things from right before the traumatic event--
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，導(dǎo)火索跟個(gè)人有很大關(guān)系，并且通常都是創(chuàng)傷事件之前的某些事物 -
almost as if the brain is holding on to that information to protect itself.
就好像大腦想牢牢抓住這些信息來(lái)保護(hù)自己一樣。
So, for example, one woman who was assaulted is triggered by doors, because her attacker stood in front of one right before the incident.
舉個(gè)例子，一名曾被侵犯的女子會(huì)被門(mén)刺激到，因?yàn)榘赴l(fā)前一刻侵犯她的人剛好就站在門(mén)前。
In another case, a man who was in a horrible car crash is triggered by bright sunlight, since he saw bright lights just beforehand.
而在另一起案件中，一名曾出過(guò)嚴(yán)重車(chē)禍的男子會(huì)被明亮的陽(yáng)光刺激到，因?yàn)榘赴l(fā)前他剛好也看到了明亮的光線。
This is where trigger warnings, whatever you think of them, aren’t going to help, because no one is going to think doors or sunny days at the beach require warnings.
這就是預(yù)警不起作用的原因， 不管你怎么想，畢竟，沒(méi)有人會(huì)覺(jué)得門(mén)、晴天的沙灘也需要預(yù)警。
The triggers are just too idiosyncratic to predict.
因?yàn)閷?dǎo)火線過(guò)于特殊，所以難以預(yù)測(cè)。
That doesn’t mean there’s no point in warning people about the more obvious ones, though.
然而，這并不意味著我們就沒(méi)有必要對(duì)一些常見(jiàn)的導(dǎo)火索提出預(yù)警。
One study found that the majority of assault victims with PTSD were triggered by images of assaults.
一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，大多數(shù)被侵犯過(guò)后患有PTSD的受害者都會(huì)被侵犯的圖像刺激到。
And a separate study found that the most common triggers for shooting victims were things you might expect, like loud noises and sirens.
另一項(xiàng)研究則表明，對(duì)經(jīng)歷過(guò)槍擊的受害者而言，最常見(jiàn)的導(dǎo)火索就是很大的噪聲、警報(bào)聲等大家可能已經(jīng)想到了的事物。
So, it seems like the types of things we usually slap trigger warnings on aren’t completely off base—
所以，通常被我們劃入預(yù)警的那些事物之所以被劃入預(yù)警范圍也并非毫無(wú)根據(jù) -
although it’s pretty clear they’re not going to be able to prevent intrusion symptoms for everyone.
雖然很清楚的是它們并不能回回都做到讓受害者避免重新體驗(yàn)癥狀。
That, of course, assumes that trigger warnings work the way we want them to.
當(dāng)然，那是假設(shè)預(yù)警能夠按照我們希望的方式起作用才可能的。
And it’s not clear whether giving people the chance to skip potentially triggering content is the right way to go.
但跳過(guò)可能存在刺激性的內(nèi)容是否就是正確的做法，這一點(diǎn)目前還不清楚。
A hallmark symptom of PTSD is avoidance:
創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的一個(gè)標(biāo)志性癥狀就是逃避：
basically doing all you can to avoid triggers so you don’t have intrusion symptoms.
基本上就是想方設(shè)法避開(kāi)導(dǎo)火索，從而避免重新體驗(yàn)癥狀。
But the more avoidant someone is, the worse their PTSD symptoms usually are,
然而，有的人越是回避，創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙的癥狀就越是嚴(yán)重，
and that avoidance is thought to be one reason why.
逃避則被認(rèn)為是這一問(wèn)題的根源。
At the same time, being triggered in class or anywhere else without any warning isn’t likely to be helpful to people with PTSD.
同時(shí)，在沒(méi)有任何預(yù)警的情況下，在課堂或其他任何地方刺激創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙患者對(duì)他們也毫無(wú)幫助，
It might just make things worse.
可能還會(huì)讓事情變得更糟。
One of the main PTSD treatments, exposure therapy, is based on having people think about their trauma on purpose.
治療創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙主要的療法之一——暴露療法的理念就是有意地讓患者回想他們的創(chuàng)傷。
But it’s done in a safe and trusting environment, with a therapist.
但這一切都是在安全和值得信任的環(huán)境中與治療師一起完成的。
That’s a far cry from a classroom, where you might not feel comfortable and you’re focusing on learning, not on trying to get better.
這種環(huán)境遠(yuǎn)非教師可比，因?yàn)樵诮淌夷憧赡軙?huì)覺(jué)得不舒服，還要集中注意力學(xué)習(xí)而不是想著恢復(fù)健康。
And when someone with PTSD actively chooses to think about their trauma,
主動(dòng)回憶自己的創(chuàng)傷時(shí)，
they usually don’t have as severe a reaction as when they involuntarily recall a memory.
創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙患者的反應(yīng)往往沒(méi)有不自主回憶起創(chuàng)傷時(shí)嚴(yán)重。
Warnings make the situation more predictable. You also have more control, and the chance to try a coping strategy.
預(yù)警能夠提高環(huán)境的可預(yù)測(cè)性。受害者也能擁有更多的主動(dòng)權(quán)，以及嘗試應(yīng)對(duì)策略的機(jī)會(huì)。
For all of these reasons, it’s plausible that trigger warnings are effective.
綜上，預(yù)警奏效似乎是合情合理的了。
They could let people pass on things that they think will harm them more, while allowing them to choose to participate,
預(yù)警能夠讓人們跳過(guò)那些對(duì)他們更具傷害性的事物，同時(shí)也給予了他們選擇要不要體驗(yàn)的自由，
but with all the information, so they’re prepared.
但有了那些信息，他們就有心理準(zhǔn)備了。
But it’s also possible trigger warnings could be bad for people with PTSD.
但預(yù)警也可能對(duì)創(chuàng)傷后應(yīng)激障礙患者不利。
Researchers have found that sometimes, warning messages can have unintended effects.
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，預(yù)警有時(shí)可能產(chǎn)生意想不到的結(jié)果。
For example, if people are told about a side effect of a medication,
打個(gè)比方，如果人們被告知了藥物的副作用，
they’ll often say they have it, even if they’re given a placebo.
人們通常也還是會(huì)選擇吃吃，即便給他們的只是安慰劑。
That’s called the nocebo effect.
這就是所謂的“反安慰劑效應(yīng)”。
And we know that expectations can change behavior in general.
我們知道，一般而言，期望可以改變?nèi)藗兊男袨椤?/div>
In a classic 1964 psychology experiment now known as the ‘panic button’ study,
在1964年經(jīng)典的，如今被稱之為“恐慌按鈕”研究的一項(xiàng)心理學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，
researchers found that if you lead people to think something terrible will happen,
研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果你引導(dǎo)人們的思維，讓他們以為會(huì)發(fā)生糟糕的事情，
they’ll go along with it and hit a panic button, even if nothing’s really happening.
他們就會(huì)相信并按下恐慌按鈕，即便事實(shí)上什么都沒(méi)有發(fā)生。
So it’s possible that a warning about traumatic content is enough to serve as a trigger on its own.
因此，對(duì)刺激性內(nèi)容提出預(yù)警這種做法本身也可能成為導(dǎo)火索。
The bottom line is that we simply don’t know yet.
只不過(guò)我們現(xiàn)在還不確定而已。
Trigger warnings haven’t been studied in any rigorous way,
目前還沒(méi)有針對(duì)預(yù)警的嚴(yán)密研究，
so we don’t know, for example, whether students in classes that give trigger warnings have better outcomes compared to those that don’t.
所以我們也不知道，那些提出了預(yù)警班級(jí)同學(xué)的表現(xiàn)是否就好過(guò)那些沒(méi)有預(yù)警班級(jí)同學(xué)的表現(xiàn)。
In the meantime, it mostly comes down to whether you think the benefits of warning people are worth the risk of the nocebo effect.
與此同時(shí)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題歸根結(jié)底，主要還是要看大家覺(jué)得預(yù)警的好處是否能抵銷(xiāo)“反安慰劑效應(yīng)”的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Thanks for watching this episode of SciShow Psych!
感謝大家收看本期心理科學(xué)秀的內(nèi)容！
For more on what science has to say about tough questions like these,
了解更多關(guān)于科學(xué)對(duì)這類難題的解釋，
just go to youtube.com/scishowpsych and subscribe.
請(qǐng)前往youtube.com/scishowpsych訂閱我們的欄目。
