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Hey, you know all those chores that you probably have to do? Dishes, laundry, vacuuming, yeah, they’re not important.
嘿，你知道嗎？那些你可能必須得做的瑣事，做飯啦，洗衣服啦，打掃衛生啦，嗯，其實都不重要。
You should probably just forget about them.
或許你應該甩手忘了它們。
I don’t know if you actually feel any more motivated now,
不知道你現在是否覺得有動力去做那些瑣事了，
but reverse psychology is the idea that you can persuade someone to do something by telling them not to do it.
但逆反心理學就是你可以通過告訴人們不要做某件事來說服他們去做那件事的心理學原理。
It might seem like something that only works in cartoons, like a big red button that says "DO NOT PUSH."
雖然聽著好像和那種大大的，上面寫著“別按”的紅色按鈕一樣只能在動畫片里行得通。
But researchers have studied reverse psychology and it does seem to have an effect on real people in certain situations.
但研究人員已經研究過這種現象了，而且似乎在某些情況下確實能給人帶來影響。
When scientists talk about reverse psychology, they focus on something called reactance.
談論逆反心理學時，科學家們最關注的是所謂的“抗拒”反應。
You know that "you can’t tell me what to do!" feeling? That’s reactance.
知道“我做什么不用你來告訴我！”的感覺吧？那就是抗拒反應。
This idea was first proposed in 1966, in a paper on psychological reactance theory that synthesized a lot of thoughts and research about this internal process.
這一想法最早是1966年一篇關于心理抗拒理論的論文提出來的，論文綜合了大量關于這一心理過程的思考和研究。
The author suggested that when we’re given instructions to do a particular thing, we feel our freedom of choice becoming restricted.
作者推論，當我們收到做某件事的指令時，就會覺得我們的選擇自由受到了限制。
For example, on your own, you can choose to do whatever you want — watch a movie, go to the park, eat a corndog.
例如，就自己的話，你可以想做什么就做什么 - 看電影，去公園，吃玉米熱狗。
But when you’re told to do something specific, your freedom to choose other things feels like it’s more limited.
但當你被告知做某件事時，你選擇做其他事情的自由就受到了限制。
Psychologically, that can be uncomfortable.
就可能讓你心理上覺得不舒服。
And that discomfort can motivate you to fight back to regain that freedom of choice.
而這種不適可能促使你做出抵抗反應，以重新獲得選擇的自由。
So you might disobey.
也即，你可能選擇不服從。
Like, "No Mom, I’m not going to clean my room. I’m going to, probably sort my Magic: The Gathering cards!"
比如，“不，媽媽，我不會打掃房間的。我可能得整理整理我的魔法風云會卡片！” 這種反應。
If we are talking about me back in a high school.
就像我高中時那樣。
Even if you didn’t even want to sort your Magic: The Gathering cards, more options lead to less discomfort.
即便你根本就不想整理什么魔法風云會的卡片，更多的選擇也還是會減輕你的不適。
Of course, reverse psychology isn’t just a thing for rebellious kids.
當然了，逆反心理并不只是叛逆的孩子才會做出的舉動。
The research is mixed on whether younger or older people might be more susceptible to stronger reactance,
到底是年輕人還是老年人更容易逆反，關于這一點的研究比較混雜，
and it’s tricky to compare ages because of other life factors.
因為還涉及到其他生活因素，所以進行年齡比較十分困難。
But psychologists do know that people of all ages experience reactance,
但心理學家確實知道所有年齡段的人都會有逆反心理，
and in lots of situations — from taking advice from a friend, to listening to a public health message.
而且，從征求朋友的建議，到收聽公共衛生信息，很多時候人們都會有逆反心理。
For example, when the US drinking age was legally raised to 21 in the 1980s, psychologists noted behavioral changes between college students of different ages.
例如，心理學家注意到，20世紀80年代，美國將飲酒的法定年齡提高到21歲時，不同年齡的大學生行為上出現了不同的反應。
One survey looked at 3,375 college students during the academic year between 1987 and 1988.
一項調查研究了1987年至1988年學年期間的3375名大學生。
And they found that 81% of the students who were younger than 21 drank, versus 75% of students who were 21 and over.
發現年齡小于21歲的學生中有81％的人喝酒，而21歲及以上喝酒的學生比例為75％。
Underage students also reportedly drank more heavily.
據報道，未成年學生飲酒的問題也更嚴重了。
24% were considered more likely to make risky decisions or to be heavy drinkers — basically, having a lot of drinks fairly often.
小于21歲的大學生中，被認為可能做出冒險決定或成為重度飲酒者 -也即經常酗酒的人的比例高達24%。
Only 15% of legal drinkers were in this category.
而合法飲酒者中，對應的比例才15%。
You wouldn’t expect such a drastic difference without some cause.
這樣強烈的差異是不會平白出現的。
And sure, there are a lot of factors that go into the decision to drink.
當然，影響一個人做出飲酒決定的因素很多。
But the researchers suggest that this trend was partially because students were reacting to limited freedom, to re-establish a sense that they could choose whether to drink or not.
但研究人員認為出現這種趨勢部分原因在于學生們是在對有限的自由作出反應，想重新確立他們選擇是否飲酒的自由的感覺。
Another survey looked at 2,142 students from 10 schools in 1990.
另一項調查研究了1990年10所學校的2142名學生。
And they saw significant differences in alcohol use if people were 21 or not, but not other drug use.
結果發現年齡在21歲以上還是以下飲酒的情況有著顯著的差別，但其他藥物的使用方面的情況并非如此。
The researchers say that further supports the idea of reactance, because the changing drinking age was a big deal to behavioral freedom.
研究人員說，這一發現進一步證實了逆反這一問題，因為合法飲酒年齡的調整對行為自由有很大的影響。
The kicker is, reactance can cause people to go against lots of best interests, even ignoring medical treatment plans from doctors.
問題是，逆反可能引起人們違背很多最高利益，甚至包括無視醫生的醫療計劃。
A 2014 study that looked at depressed patients found a strong link between high levels of reactance and refusal to take medications.
一項2014年針對抑郁癥患者的研究發現，強烈的逆反心理和拒絕服用藥物之間存在密切的聯系。
119 psychiatric outpatients being treated for depression were asked to fill out a number of questionnaires,
接受抑郁癥治療的119名精神科門診患者被要求填寫一些調查問卷，
assessing their psychological reactance, how in control they felt, self-efficacy, and how well they were adhering to the medications they’d been prescribed.
問卷旨在評估他們的逆反水平，包括他們感覺自己的主動權有多大，自我效能如何，以及他們能夠多大程度上謹遵醫囑等。
And their responses showed a distinct negative correlation between reactance and medication adherence.
他們的反應表明抗拒心理和謹遵醫囑之間存在明顯的負相關關系。
In other words, stronger reactance meant they followed their treatment plan less.
換句話說，抗拒心理越強，遵循醫囑的時間就更少。
The authors of the study concluded that it might be helpful for mental health professionals to find ways to communicate with patients that avoid creating high levels of reactance.
作者總結到，這一發現或許可以幫助心理健康工作者找到與患者溝通，并且能夠避免引起強烈的抗拒情緒的方法。
One strategy could be giving patients more tools to make decisions, instead of explicitly telling them to do or think something.
為患者提供更多決策工具，而不是明確地叫他們做或想某件事情或許也是個辦法。
For example, Motivational Enhancement Therapy emphasizes patients’ freedom of choice.
比如，動機強化治療就強調了患者的選擇自由。
And these kinds of therapies are often used to treat cases of drug abuse or alcoholism.
這種療法通常用在治療藥物濫用或酗酒上。
Rather than a therapist pushing a particular choice, like, "stop taking all those drugs, dude," the therapist and patient work through the pros and cons of each approach to the issue.
治療專家和患者一起來對比每種療法的好處和弊端，而不是由專家來做出某個決策，說“哥們兒，這些藥都別吃了，”。
This way, the patient hopefully feels less limited, and reactance is less likely.
這樣一來，患者就可能覺得束縛感沒有那么強，做出抗拒反應的可能性也會降低。
Ideally, they’re more likely to carefully weigh all the strategies and choose to take steps towards recovery.
理想情況下，他們很可能會仔細權衡所有策略，然后選擇逐步恢復健康。
We’ve all heard about this, you have to make people think it was their idea.
我們都聽說過“要讓他們覺得那就是他們自己的想法”這句話。
Reactance is just one of many factors that affects how likely someone is to take advice — it’s not a surefire way to persuade anyone.
抗拒心理只是影響某人接受建議的可能性的眾多因素之一 - 并不能保證回回都能說服患者。
But if you’re feeling lucky with a stubborn nephew, who knows, maybe a little reverse psychology will do the trick.
但是，如果你有一個倔強的侄子，誰知道呢，也許用用逆反心理學就能搞定他哦。
Thank you for watching this episode of Scishow Psych!
感謝您收看本期的心理科學秀視頻！
If you enjoyed this video, definitely don’t leave a comment, and don’t you dare, don't you dare subscribe!
喜歡這個視頻的話，一定不要給我們評論，而且我敢打賭，你絕對不敢訂閱，絕對不敢！
