評(píng)論
打印
The world isn't always the fairest place, and we don't always do the best job of taking care of each other,
世界并不總是最公平的，我們并不能總是很好地照顧彼此，
which has led to plenty of protests throughout history from sittings to rallies outside government buildings.
歷史上引發(fā)了眾多的抗議活動(dòng)，從會(huì)議到政府大樓外的集會(huì)。
Most protests are pretty peaceful, but occasionally they will become destructive, and for a long time crowd psychologists.
大多數(shù)抗議活動(dòng)都很平靜，但偶爾會(huì)帶來破壞，長期以來心理學(xué)家一直在思考這個(gè)問題。
I've been trying to figure out why people will sometimes go a little bit too far, start flipping cars and looting stores.
我一直試圖弄明白為什么人們有時(shí)會(huì)做得有點(diǎn)過火，開始砸車、搶劫商店。
It turns out it has a lot to do with risk and group identity.
事實(shí)證明，暴亂與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和群體認(rèn)同有很大關(guān)系。
Riots usually happen after months or years of social justice or political troubles, like the 2011 riots across England,
暴動(dòng)通常發(fā)生在數(shù)月或數(shù)年的社會(huì)正義或政治動(dòng)亂之后，比如2011年的英格蘭暴亂，
which happened after years of tension between the public and the police.
英格蘭暴亂發(fā)生前幾年，公眾和警察關(guān)系一直持續(xù)緊張。
Eventually, there's a catalyst, in that case the police shooting of a man named Mark Duggan,
最終，事件愈演愈烈，在這種情況下警察開槍打死了一個(gè)叫馬克·達(dá)根的人，
and it's the last straw that drives people to take to the streets.
這是驅(qū)使人們走上街頭的最后一根稻草。
Still, just because a bunch of angry people gather doesn't mean there's necessarily going to be a riot.
盡管如此，僅僅因?yàn)橐蝗簯崙嵅黄降娜司奂谝黄鸩⒉灰馕吨﹣y一定會(huì)發(fā)生。
Peaceful protests often involve groups of angry people too.
和平的抗議活動(dòng)也會(huì)存在一群憤怒的人。
every crowd is different and there are multiple ways violence can start.
每個(gè)人群都不相同，暴力開始的方式有很多種。
In some cases a riot happens because of some emotionally charged risk-assessment.
某些情況下，暴亂的發(fā)生是因?yàn)橐恍┣榫w化的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估。
A few people quickly decide that the crowd is big enough and upset enough that if they take a violent action, everyone else will follow them.
一些人很快就以為人夠多，影響夠大，如果他們采取暴力行動(dòng)，其他人就會(huì)跟隨。
They also believe that there are enough people that the risk of arrest is low,
他們也認(rèn)為人足夠多，被捕的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就會(huì)降低，
so they might throw a rock through a window or help set a car on fire and that's sometimes enough for others to do the same.
所以他們可能會(huì)往窗戶上扔石頭，或者放火燒汽車，有時(shí)這就足以讓其他人也跟著這么做了。
In other cases how the police handle a crowd can actually be the catalyst.
其他情況下，警察對(duì)聚眾人士的處理實(shí)際上會(huì)加劇事態(tài)的發(fā)展。
Most angry crowds are a mixed bag of both violent and peaceful people, generally most people there don't want to actually cause destruction.
大多數(shù)憤怒人群里夾雜著暴徒與和平人士，一般說來，大多數(shù)人并不想真正造成破壞。
Still, some studies have observed that the police often treat the entire crowd is dangerous,
盡管如此，一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，警察經(jīng)常會(huì)將整個(gè)人群視為危險(xiǎn)人群，
and when the police get hostile, that can sometimes be the spark that pushes peaceful members of the crowd over the edge.
當(dāng)警察對(duì)這些人充滿敵意時(shí)，有時(shí)會(huì)更加將和平人士推至暴力的邊緣。
No matter how the riot starts, there has to be something that causes the violence to continue.
無論暴動(dòng)如何開始，總會(huì)有某種東西推動(dòng)其繼續(xù)發(fā)展。
You might have heard about an idea called deindividuation, where rioters stop thinking about their own moral code and blindly follow the crowd,
你可能聽說過一種概念叫做去個(gè)性化，在這種概念中，暴徒不再思考自己的道德準(zhǔn)則，而是盲目地跟隨人群，
instead, they sort of lose their sense of self.
他們失去了自我意識(shí)。
A lot of psychologists used to think that this happened to people during riots, because it does sound like it makes sense,
很多心理學(xué)家曾經(jīng)認(rèn)為這發(fā)生在暴動(dòng)人群之中，因?yàn)槁犉饋泶_實(shí)有道理，
but decades of research didn't find much evidence for deindividuation during riots,
但是研究幾十年都沒有找到暴動(dòng)期間去個(gè)性化的證據(jù)，
and by the late 1990s, the idea had been pretty much accredited,
20世紀(jì)90年代末，這個(gè)想法已經(jīng)得到了認(rèn)可，
Even though rioters might not make the best decisions, people don't become mindless destructive zombies as soon as the first window breaks,
盡管暴徒做出的決定可能不是最佳，但他們不會(huì)一發(fā)生暴亂就變成盲目破壞的僵尸，
instead, they're often acting from a powerful sense of group identity.
相反，他們往往表現(xiàn)出強(qiáng)烈的群體認(rèn)同感。
Rioters are united by a strong set of values and they often are united against the same thing,
暴徒因?yàn)閺?qiáng)烈的價(jià)值觀團(tuán)結(jié)一起，他們經(jīng)常團(tuán)結(jié)起來反對(duì)同樣一件事，
like a group in the government or another Authority.
像政府或其他權(quán)力機(jī)構(gòu)群體一樣。
So when riots break out it's not because people lose all sense of self, instead, they're acting in what they see as the best interest of the group.
因此，發(fā)生暴動(dòng)并不是因?yàn)槿藗兪チ俗晕乙庾R(shí)，相反，他們所做的一切都是為了群體利益最大化。
Of course riots are still made up of individuals and some people will take advantage of the crowd to commit mindless violence,
當(dāng)然暴亂仍然是由個(gè)人組成，有些人會(huì)趁機(jī)做出愚蠢的暴力行為，
but as a whole, people are consciously aware of the choices they're making during a riot, even if they aren't the safest choices.
但總的來說，人們對(duì)自己在暴亂中做出的選擇是有意識(shí)的，即使選擇不是最安全的。
Since the crowd is so large and destructive continuing to riot can feel like a pretty low risk for a while,
由于人數(shù)如此之多，破壞性持續(xù)暴動(dòng)可能會(huì)暫時(shí)讓人感覺風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很低，
but at some point often because more police have arrived, it starts to feel like more of a danger.
但在某些時(shí)候，往往因?yàn)楦嗑斓牡竭_(dá)，人們開始越發(fā)感覺危險(xiǎn)來臨。
The best way to control a riot still isn't clear, but the hope is that the threat of arrest will get so high
控制暴亂的最佳方法尚不明確，但希望逮捕的威脅會(huì)上升
that it will break people's loyalty to the group and they will eventually clear the streets.
從而破壞人們對(duì)暴亂組織的忠誠，最終街道上不會(huì)再有人鬧事。
The most obvious way to prevent the violence and destruction that comes from rioting would be to stop riots from starting in the first place,
避免暴力和破壞最明顯的方法就是將暴動(dòng)扼殺在搖籃之中，
but there isn't really a foolproof way to do that.
但萬無一失的方法并不存在。
some psychologists have suggested that authorities should be talking regularly with their communities,
一些心理學(xué)家建議，當(dāng)局應(yīng)該定期與社區(qū)談話，
so they don't feel the need to riot to make their voices heard.
讓他們覺得沒有必要通過暴動(dòng)來讓別人聽到他們的聲音。
but at the end of the day, there will probably be at least occasional riots forever until we do one of two things,
但在一天結(jié)束的時(shí)候，在我們完成兩件事中的一件之前，至少騷亂可能一直偶有發(fā)生，
we get rid of all of the injustice in the world, not there yet, but sounds good, or we take away the ability of people to choose to do things.
我們消除了世界上所有的不公，雖然還沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，但是聽起來很美好，或者剝奪人們對(duì)事情的選擇，
Freedom is good so we don't want to do that.
自由是美好的，所以我們不想那樣。
So right now the best we can do is to care for and support each other and to try to make sure everyone's voice is heard.
所以現(xiàn)在我們最多能做的就是互相關(guān)心和支持，并努力確保每個(gè)人的聲音都被聽到。
Thanks for watching this episode of scishow psyche if you are interested in learning more about things like the psychology of risk-taking,
感謝收看本期心理科學(xué)秀，如果你有興趣了解更多關(guān)于冒險(xiǎn)心理
and the forces that drive our behaviors, you can go to youtube.com/scishow psyche and subscribe.
以及行為驅(qū)動(dòng)力的知識(shí)，歡迎登陸youtube.com/scishow psyche訂閱我們的節(jié)目。
