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Compounding the problem is a social-psychological phenomenon called "stereotype threat."
把問題往復(fù)雜了說，這就是“成見威脅”。
Social scientists have observed that when members of a group are made aware of a negative stereotype,
社會科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)注意到，當(dāng)一個群體的成員形成一種負(fù)面的固有認(rèn)知后，
they are more likely to perform according to that stereotype.
他們可能更傾向于按照這種認(rèn)知行動。
For example, stereotypically, boys are better at math and science than girls.
比如，人們會帶有成見地認(rèn)為，男孩在數(shù)學(xué)和理科領(lǐng)域比女孩更擅長。
When girls are reminded of their gender before a math or science test,
當(dāng)在一場數(shù)學(xué)或理科科目考試前被提醒了自己的性別時，
even by something as simple as checking off an M or F box at the top of the test, they perform worse.
哪怕只是在試卷上方加上“男”或“女”的性別選項，女孩的考試成績就會變差。
Stereotype threat discourages girls and women from entering technical fields and is one of the key reasons that so few study computer science.
女性對技術(shù)領(lǐng)域望而卻步，而且學(xué)習(xí)計算機(jī)科學(xué)的女孩如此稀少，成見威脅也是重要原因之一。
As a Facebook summer intern once told me, "In my school's computer science department, there are more Daves than girls."
臉譜網(wǎng)的一位暑期實習(xí)生曾對我說過，他所在的系里連叫“戴維”的男生的人數(shù)都比女生人數(shù)多。
The stereotype of a working woman is rarely attractive.
一個職業(yè)女性的固有形象對人們來說是沒什么吸引力的。
Popular culture has long portrayed successful working women as so consumed by their careers that they have no personal life
長久以來，流行文化將成功的職業(yè)女性刻畫成疲于工作而且沒有個人生活的女強(qiáng)人形象。
(think Sigourney Weaver in Working Girl and Sandra Bullock in The Proposal).
你可以想想電影《上班女郎》里的西格尼·韋弗，還有《假結(jié)婚》里的桑德拉·布洛克。
If a female character divides her time between work and family,
如果一個女性不得不在工作和家庭之間往返奔波，
she is almost always harried and guilt ridden (think Sarah Jessica Parker in I Don't Know How She Does It).
那么她肯定是一副受盡折磨并且負(fù)罪深重的樣子。想想《凱特的外遇日記》里的莎拉·杰西卡·帕克你就知道了。
And these characterizations have moved beyond fiction.
這類刻板印象已經(jīng)不限于虛構(gòu)了：
