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What I would hope that I could further argue to you is that this is the invention of multicellularity.
我希望能進(jìn)一步地說服你們的是，這就是多細(xì)胞生物的起源。
Bacteria have been on the Earth for billions of years; humans, couple hundred thousand.
細(xì)菌已經(jīng)生存在地球上數(shù)十億年了。人類只有數(shù)十萬年而已。
We think bacteria made the rules for how multicellular organization works.
我們認(rèn)為細(xì)菌制定了多細(xì)胞的組織運(yùn)作規(guī)則。
We think, by studying bacteria, we're going to be able to have insight about multicellularity in the human body.
我們認(rèn)為，通過研究細(xì)菌，我們將能夠?qū)θ梭w內(nèi)的多細(xì)胞系統(tǒng)有更進(jìn)一步的認(rèn)識。
We know that the principles and the rules, if we can figure them out in these sort of primitive organisms,
我們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)知道基本規(guī)則了，如果我們可以從這些原始生命體上進(jìn)一步弄懂它們，
the hope is that they will be applied to other human diseases and human behaviors as well.
這些規(guī)則也有希望能夠應(yīng)用到人類其它疾病與行為上。
I hope that what you've learned is that bacteria can distinguish self from other.
我希望你們已經(jīng)學(xué)到細(xì)菌是可以區(qū)分你我。
By using these two molecules they can say "me" and they can say "you."
使用這兩種分子，它們可以表達(dá)“我”和“你”。
Again of course that's what we do, both in a molecular way, and also in an outward way, but I think about the molecular stuff.
當(dāng)然，這就是我們所做的，不僅只在分子層面上，同樣也在行為上，只是我在分子層次上想的多一點(diǎn)。
This is exactly what happens in your body.
這完全就是你們體內(nèi)正在發(fā)生的事情。
It's not like your heart cells and your kidney cells get all mixed up every day,
你們的心臟和腎臟細(xì)胞不會每天混雜在一起，
and that's because there's all of this chemistry going on,
這是因?yàn)槟泱w內(nèi)有一大堆化學(xué)反應(yīng)不斷地進(jìn)行著，
these molecules that say who each of these groups of cells is, and what their tasks should be.
這些分子能夠區(qū)分不同的細(xì)胞群組，還有它們所應(yīng)該執(zhí)行的任務(wù)。
Again, we think that bacteria invented that, and you've just evolved a few more bells and whistles,
再一次，我們認(rèn)為細(xì)菌發(fā)明了這個機(jī)制，你只不過是多演化出了一些鈴鐺與哨子而已，
but all of the ideas are in these simple systems that we can study.
但是所有的概念都包含在這個我們所研究的簡單系統(tǒng)中。
