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But Grant drove him back and began the siege of the town from the land side. The Confederates made a gallant defense. But slowly and surely they were starved into submission. On July 4, 1863, Pemberton surrendered the fortress and thirty-seven thousand men.
但格蘭特指揮部隊將他趕回城堡，并開始從陸地一面包圍維克斯堡。南方聯盟軍打了一場漂亮的保衛戰，但是，隨著時間推移他們毫無疑問會因為彈盡糧絕而投降。1863年7月4日，培波頓交出要塞和要塞中的3.7萬人。
415. Opening of the Mississippi.
415．開通密西西比河
Port Hudson, between Vicksburg and New Orleans, was now the only important Confederate position on the Mississippi. On July 8 it surrendered. A few days later the freight steamer Imperial from St. Louis reached New Orleans. The Mississippi at last "flowed unvexed to the sea." The Confederacy was cut in twain.
現在位于維克斯堡與新奧爾良之間的哈得孫要塞是密西西比河上唯一被南方聯盟所占領的要塞。7月8日這個要塞投降，幾天后從圣路易斯開來的"帝國"號貨船抵達新奧爾良，密西西比河終于"毫不為難地流進大海"。南方聯盟被分為兩段。
416. Lee's Second Invasion, 1863.
416．李將軍的第二次入侵（1863年）
"Fighting Joe Hooker" was now in command of the Army of the Potomac. Outwitting Lee, he gained the rear of the Confederate lines on Marye's Heights. But Lee fiercely attacked him at Chancellorsville and drove him back across the Rappahannock. Then Lee again crossed the Potomac and invaded the North. This time he penetrated to the heart of Pennsylvania. Hooker moved on parallel lines, always keeping between Lee and the city of Washington. At length, in the midst of the campaign, Hooker asked to be relieved, and George G. Meade became the fifth and last chief of the Army of the Potomac.
此時指揮波特馬克軍的是"好戰的喬·胡克"。為了蒙騙李將軍，胡克駐軍在南方聯盟陣線后方的梅耶高地，但是，李將軍在羌斯勒斯維勒向他發動猛烈攻擊，迫使他后撤到拉帕漢諾克河對岸，李將軍再次渡過波特馬克河入侵北方，這一次他攻擊到賓夕法尼亞州的腹地。胡克的部隊與之平行運動，總是保持部隊在李將軍部隊與華盛頓這座城市之間。最終，在戰役進行期間胡克被免職，喬治·G·米德變成波特馬克軍的第五任也是最后一任司令。
