評論
打印
In 1386, Lithuania entered into a personal union with the kingdom of Poland and reconverted back to Catholicism.
1386年，立陶宛因與波蘭王國聯姻，所以轉回信奉天主教
The Lithuanians and their Polish allies were a constant threat to the Mongols and the Rus alike.
立陶宛人和波蘭人聯盟對蒙古和俄羅斯是一個持續的威脅
To add insult to injury, this joint Lithuanian-Polish Empire now controlled Kiev and its entire area, the heartland of the Rus culture.
雪上加霜的是，立陶宛波蘭聯合帝國現在控制基輔的整個地區——俄羅斯文化的心臟地區
Moscow was founded as a trading post on the river of the same name in 1147 A.D.
1147年，莫斯科作為貿易站點而建立
The Golden Hoard had sacked Moscow in 1238 but exerted little influence there because of Moscow's remote location.
金帳汗國在1236年洗劫了莫斯科，但卻沒有產生什么影響，因為莫斯科所處的位置偏遠
This helped! It also helped that Moscow's princes did not tend to go appanage crazy;
也是因為這個，莫斯科的王公就沒有瘋狂封地
thereby keeping Muscovy in one piece.
因此莫斯科大公國保持完整
Another Muscovite strong point was the inborn sneakiness of Moscow's princes.
莫斯科大公國的另一個優勢就是王公身上與生俱來的狡黠
When Prince Ivan the First "Moneybags" ruled, 1325-1341,
錢袋伊凡一世1325年到1341年在位，
got the yarlyk, and became the Golden Hoard's tax collector,
獲得了yarlik權，成為金帳汗國的征稅人
he added to his personal income by overtaxing everyone else, especially those neighbors whose land he wanted.
他通過加大稅收，尤其是他想獲得的鄰國的土地的稅收，來增加自己的收入
Ivan "Moneybags" also enticed the Russian Orthodox Church to set up its headquarters in Moscow.
錢袋伊凡誘使俄羅斯東正教在莫斯科建立自己的總部
Thereby giving Moscow even more prestige.
因此莫斯科獲得更高的威望
