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Then the errors start—and not just one error.
問題往往從這里開始，通常單個錯誤不會造成重大事故。
Typical accident involves seven consecutive human errors.
典型的事故都會涉及七個連續的人為失誤。
One of the pilots does something wrong that by itself would not be a problem.
某個飛行員造成一個失誤不是問題，
Then one of them makes another error on top of that, which combined with the first error, still is not amount to catastrophe.
但機組其他人員會在此基礎之上，出現另外一個失誤，兩個失誤仍然不能夠構成大災難。
But then they make a third error on top of that, and then another and another and another and another, and it's the combination of all those errors that leads to disaster.
但在此之上，他們又會出現第三個失誤，然后一個接一個，最后所有的失誤疊加在一起，大災難就發生了。
These seven errors, furthermore, are rarely problems of knowledge or flying skill.
再進一步講，這七個失誤完全與知識和飛行技巧無關，
It's not that the pilot has to negotiate some critical technical maneuver and fails.
也非飛行員們必須進行討論的重大機動問題。
The kinds of errors that cause plane crashes are invariably errors of teamwork and communication.
造成飛機墜落的問題無一不與團隊合作或溝通相關。
One pilot knows something important and somehow doesn't tell the other pilot.
某個飛行員得知一件重要的事情，但不知為何，他不愿與其他飛行員分享；
One pilot does something wrong, and the other pilot doesn't catch the error.
某個飛行員操作失誤，但其他飛行員卻不肯當面指出；
A tricky situation needs to be resolved through a complex series of steps—and some-how the pilots fail to coordinate and miss one of them.
類似這種微妙的情況需要一系列復雜的程序予以解決，但很多飛行員并不擅長進行協作來解決此類問題，而且還會遺漏其中一些程序。
"The whole flight-deck design is intended to be operated by two people, and that operation works best when you have one person checking the other,
“整個駕駛艙是為兩個人操作飛機設計的，一人駕駛飛機，一人在旁協助；
or both people willing to participate," says EarlWeener, who was for many years chief engineer for safety at Boeing.
或兩個人一同參與飛行。這樣，飛行工作會進行得非常順利。”波音公司負責安全工作多年的總工程師厄艾爾·卡衛涅說，
"Airplanes are very unforgiving if you don't do things right.
“如果你做錯了事，可不要期待飛機會原諒你。
And for a long time it's been clear that if you have two people operating the airplane cooperatively,
很久以來的事實證明，如果兩名飛行員一起合作飛行，飛機會更安全。
you will have a safer operation than if you have a single pilot flying the plane and another person who is simply there to takeover if the pilot is incapacitated."
若只由一名飛行員飛行，另一名飛行員只是簡單坐在一旁，直到無法繼續飛行時才來接替，那么安全系數就會小得多。”
Consider, for example, the famous (in aviation circles, anyway) crash of the Colombian airliner Avianca flight 052 in January of 1990.
航空界里最著名的墜機事件，是1990年哥倫比亞航空公司阿維安卡52號航班的墜機事件。
The Avianca accident so perfectly illustrates the characteristics of the "modern" plane crash that it is studied in flight schools.
阿維安卡事故非常完美地演繹了“現代”飛機墜落事件的一系列特征，因而被飛行學校作為教學案例。
