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My sort of crazy, somewhat arbitrary,
我有一個瘋狂的原則
rule of thumb is you want to have a technology that's an order of magnitude better than the next best thing.
那就是你擁有的技術要比排名第二的公司好一個量級才行
So Amazon had over ten times as many books,
亞馬遜的書比其他書商的十倍還多
maybe not that high tech, but you figure out a way to sell ten times as many books in an efficient online way.
也許不是什么高科技，但是他們找到了一種有效的賣出十倍多的書的線上銷售方式
You know, PayPal, the alternative for PayPal was using checks to send money on eBay took seven to ten days to clear.
PayPal出現之前，eBay上用支票進行結算需要7到10天
PayPal could do it more than ten times as fast.
PayPal比其快了不只十倍
So you wanna have some sort of very powerful improvement in some order,
所以你的公司必須要有很大的改進才行
maybe an order of magnitude improvement on some key dimension.
在某些關鍵的地方，至少要有一個量級的革新
Of course, you know, if you actually come with something totally new it's,
當然如果你能創造出全新的東西
it's just, it's just like an infinite improvement.
那就相當于一個“無限”的革新
So I would say the, the iPhone was the first smartphone that worked and so that's, you know that's like I mean,
比如說，iPhone是第一部智能手機，我的意思是
I mean maybe not infinite, but it's sort of definitely order of magnitude or more of improvement.
也許不能說“無限”，但它進行了非常巨大的革新
So I think, the, the technology is designed to give you a massive delta over, over the next, the next best thing.
我認為，科技可以被用來進行巨大的改變
I think, I think there often are network effects that can kick in that, really help.
我認為網絡效應可能會帶來一些幫助
The thing that's very, and these, these lead to monopolies over time,
隨著時間推移，可以形成壟斷的企業
the thing that's very tricky about network effects is, they're often.
對于網絡效應來說，很棘手的事情是
They're often very hard to get started.
開頭特別難
So even though everyone understands how valuable they are,
即使每個人都知道這里面的價值
there is always this incredibly tricky question
但這里有個很難回答的問題
why is it valuable to the first person who is doing something?
為什么市場對第一個進入的人非常有價值？
Economies of scale, if you have something of a very high fixed costs, very low marginal cost.
這可以用規模經濟來解釋，如果你的公司生產成本很高，際成本很低
That's typically a monopoly like business.
那這就是一個典型的壟斷企業
