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However, in 1809, David Ricardo muddied the waters
然而，在1809年，大衛·李嘉圖攪了一趟渾水，
by arguing that the science of economics should use a different, deductive method.
他主張在經濟學領域應該使用另外一種方法：演繹法。
The problem was that an influential group at Oxford
問題源自牛津一個很有影響的科學團體，他們主張
began arguing that because it worked so well in economics,
既然演繹法在經濟學領域如此有用，
this deductive method ought to be applied to the natural sciences too.
那么也應該適用于自然科學領域。
The members of the philosophical breakfast club disagreed.
哲學早餐俱樂部的成員們并不同意這個觀點。
They wrote books and articles promoting inductive method in all the sciences
他們寫了一些書和文章來推動歸納法，在所有的科學領域中應用，
that were widely read by natural philosophers, university students and members of the public.
這些文字被當時的自然哲學家、大學學生和公眾廣泛閱讀。
Reading one of Herschel's books was such a watershed moment for Charles Darwin
赫歇爾的著作成為后來改變達爾文思想的分水嶺。
that he would later say, "Scarcely anything in my life made so deep an impression on me.
達爾文后來寫道：“好可怕，從沒有一種思想這么深刻的影響了我。
It made me wish to add my might to the accumulated store of natural knowledge."
這讓我開始有了一種欲望為人類的自然知識寶庫添磚加瓦。”
It also shaped Darwin's scientific method, as well as that used by his peers.
達爾文及其同行的科學研究方法的形成也受到了赫歇爾的影響。
Previously, it was believed that scientific knowledge
以前，人們相信科學知識
ought to be used for the good of the king or queen, or for one's own personal gain.
應該為國王和王后或個人的利益服務。
For example, ship captains needed to know information about the tides in order to safely dock at ports.
例如，船長需要知道潮汐的規律，讓自己的船能夠安全的停泊在港口。
Harbormasters would gather this knowledge and sell it to the ship captains.
港務長收集這些信息并將其賣給船長們。
The philosophical breakfast club changed that, working together.
哲學早餐俱樂部通過協同工作改變了這個現狀。
Whewell's worldwide study of the tides resulted in public tide tables and tidal maps
胡威立研究了全球的潮汐規律，做出了一張全球潮汐規律圖，
that freely provided the harbormasters' knowledge to all ship captains.
將原來只有港務長才能掌握的潮汐知識免費提供給了所有的船長。
