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Richard Jones became an important economist who later influenced Karl Marx.
理查德·瓊斯成為了一名重要的經濟學家，日后他影響到了卡爾·馬克思。
And Whewell not only coined the term scientist, as well as the words anode, cathode and ion,
胡威立不僅創造了“科學家”這個詞，還創造了“陽極”、“陰極”和“離子”，
but spearheaded international big science with his global research on the tides.
而他關于全球潮汐的研究在國際上也有著深遠的影響。
In the Cambridge winter of 1812 and 1813, the four met for what they called philosophical breakfasts.
在1812年至1813年冬天的劍橋，這四個人多次參與到被稱為“哲學早餐”的會面中。
They talked about science and the need for a new scientific revolution.
他們談論科學以及一次新的科學革命的需要。
They felt science had stagnated
他們認為源于17世紀的
since the days of the scientific revolution that had happened in the 17th century.
科學革命到現在已經陷入了某種停滯。
It was time for a new revolution, which they pledged to bring about,
是時候來一場新革命了，這場革命是他們要確保發生的，
and what's so amazing about these guys is,
而最叫人吃驚的是這些人
not only did they have these grandiose undergraduate dreams,
不僅能夠有這些大膽和美好的夢想，
but they actually carried them out, even beyond their wildest dreams.
而且他們真的實現了這些夢想，甚至超越了他們自己最瘋狂的夢想。
And I'm going to tell you today about four major changes to science these men made.
接下來我就來簡述一下這四個人對于科學界的主要貢獻。
About 200 years before, Francis Bacon and then, later, Isaac Newton,
大約200年前，培根和之后的牛頓
had proposed an inductive scientific method.
總結了一套歸納總結的科學方法。
Now that's a method that starts from observations and experiments
這種方法首先基于觀察或實驗得到的數據，
and moves to generalizations about nature called natural laws,
然后通過將這些數據一般化來得到所謂自然法則，
which are always subject to revision or rejection should new evidence arise.
這些結論能夠被新的證據所支持或推翻。
