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Oliver Cromwell
奧利弗•克倫威爾
Born in Huntingdon in 1599 to a relatively poor squirearchal family, Cromwell found religious zeal as a Puritan while studying at Cambridge. His faith influenced his appearance: he was conservative in his clothing and austere in composure; his commanding voice and fervour proved a trademark in parliament. But it was in the conduct of war that he excelled.
1599年，克倫威爾出生于亨延頓一個(gè)比較窮困的地主家庭。在劍橋?qū)W習(xí)的時(shí)候，克倫威爾感受到了清教徒們的宗教。他的宗教信仰影響了他的外表：他衣著保守，簡(jiǎn)樸沉靜；他那頗具權(quán)威性的聲音和熱情成為他在 議會(huì)的標(biāo)志。但是戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的爆發(fā)才使他脫穎而出。
Following Charles’ failed attempt to arrest five MPs —among them Cromwell’s relative John Pym — civil war ensued. Cromwell acted after losing the battle at Edge Hill to a superior Royalist cavalry. By adding 60 horses to the Roundhead cause, the Battle of Marston Moor became a Roundhead victory. The final Cavalier defeat came at Naseby in 1645 and Cromwell had a major part to play in the negotiations that followed. He was, however, accused by all sides of conspiracy.
在查理一世試圖逮捕5名下院議員的行動(dòng)失敗之 后，戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)接著就發(fā)生了，這5個(gè)人當(dāng)中有一個(gè)就是克倫威爾的親戚John Pym。在與高傲自大的保皇黨派騎士們 在艾吉希爾的戰(zhàn)役失利后，克倫威爾開(kāi)始了他的行動(dòng)。通過(guò)給圓顱黨議會(huì)派分子多送的60匹戰(zhàn)馬，圓顱黨分子獲得了1644年馬斯頓荒原戰(zhàn)役的勝利。保皇黨1645 年最終在納斯比徹底失敗，克倫威爾在其后的談判中扮 演了主要的角色，起到重要作用。但是，他卻受到協(xié)議 各方的指責(zé)。
Cromwell’s stature was confirmed at Preston when the New Model Army triumphed under his command. Thus his controversial career began. After the execution of Charles in 1649，he ordered the subjugation of Ireland, massacring civilians, and the remaining population was constrained by the Act of Settlement in 1653. Scotland was invaded and the nobility forced to submit. Cromwell muzzled the press and defeated the rebels.
克倫威爾的聲望在普瑞斯頓戰(zhàn)役中得到確立，當(dāng)時(shí)在他的指揮下，新模范軍隊(duì)取得了勝利。他從而開(kāi)始了自己頗具爭(zhēng)議的政治生涯。1649年處決查理以后，他下 令征服愛(ài)爾蘭，大肆屠殺平民，并在1653年通過(guò)頒發(fā) 《安置令》對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厥Ｓ嗟娜丝谶M(jìn)行管制。入侵蘇格蘭， 貴族階級(jí)被迫順從。克倫威爾還鉗制新聞言論，并打了叛亂。
In response Cromwell further asserted his power and established the Instrument of Government, awarding himself the office of Lord Protector supported by a single-chamber parliament. At the same time, his expensive army and failed trade wars with the Dutch proved expensive. Despite himself Cromwell had re-established the monarchy in all but name and returned England to the unhappy days of Charles I，s reign. Even so, his benevolent despotism was acceptable to a weary nation and went uncontested.
作為回應(yīng)，克倫威爾進(jìn)一步維護(hù)自己的權(quán)力和力量，并頒布了政府文書(shū)，自封護(hù)國(guó)主。同時(shí)，他的軍隊(duì) 和與荷蘭人之間的失敗的貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)也花費(fèi)甚巨。克倫威爾還重新建立獨(dú)裁統(tǒng)治，又使英國(guó)回到了查理一世統(tǒng)治時(shí) 期的不幸時(shí)光。盡管如此,他這種仁慈的專制仍然被疲乏的民眾所接受，并淡有進(jìn)行任何反抗。
Cromwell’s death in September 1658 was the only close to this particular chapter.
直到克倫威爾1658年9月去世，這一特殊的篇章才得以結(jié)束。
