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During episodes of political contestation
當政治紛爭
between rich and poor lineages or ancient and newer ones
在貧富血統間或是在新舊血統之間產生時便是如此
In this environment a noble seeking the benefits of his class
此環境下，一個貴族若要謀求其階級的利益
such as election to a high status or a remunerative office counted on his lineage mates first
比如在選舉中升職或謀求更有油水的職位，首先得依靠他的家族配偶
Then his lineage's allies to gather votes in the great council where most elections were held
其次是其家族的盟友才能在舉行選舉的議會上拉票
But whether they were politically ambitious
他們無論是出于政治野心
or economically dependent on office stipends
還是經濟上依靠官俸
or simply securing for themselves the privileges of their class
或是只想確保自己享有階級特權
nobles relied on the support and connections available to them as members of their lineage
貴族們都要依賴于有效的支持和親屬關系的紐帶，這些都基于他們的家族成員身份
Though I'll discuss later that they relied on other sources of support as well
不過待會兒我會講到，他們也依賴于別處的支持
Another thing about those lineages was that like all European elites of the time
下面是關于他們血統的另一方面，和當時歐洲所有的上層階級一樣
Venice's patriciate was male centered in every formal respect
威尼斯的貴族階級方方面面都以男性主導
Men were legally favored in inheritance
男性依法享有財產優先繼承權
They were the titular heads of households
他們是名義上的戶主
They had hereditary right to participate in government which was of course denied to their sisters
世襲享有參政的權力，女人們卻不能享有這一切
And their houses the cazzate, the lineages within them
他們的府邸，其中的整個家族
And the individual households were all defined on the basis of patrilineal descent
乃至單個家庭的定義都基于父系血統
At the level of the individual family
說到在單個家庭的層面
brothers were bound together in a system of undivided inheritance
兄弟間的紐帶建立在不可分割的繼承權這一制度上
The fraternal which lasted two generations
這一紐帶跨越兩代人
That meant that the brothers' sons
這意味著幾兄弟的兒子們
were born into an intergenerational continuity of shared economic interest
自出生便可共享這一連續兩代間的紐帶，進而共享經濟利益
Women had a completely different status
婦女的地位則完全不同
They bore their father's name until they married and in that sense they were members of the lineage
婚前被冠以父名。標志她是某家族成員
But it was a second class membership
但卻是低人一等的成員
For one thing sisters were not included in the fraterna
一方面女人并不像她們的兄弟一樣享有繼承權
But there's a more telling symbolic indication of their ambiguous family membership
另一事實可以說明她們的家族成員名分模棱兩可
In the 16th century patrician lineages started keeping systematic records of their genealogies and marriages
貴族階級在16世紀就開始登記族譜和婚姻
But while those compilations recorded the first names of men
男人的名字被記錄入冊
The women were literally anonymous listed simply as the daughter of so and so
而女人卻成為無名氏僅僅被登記為某某之女
or the wife of so and so without their given names
或某某之妻，她們的名字不予記載
yet things get complicated around the identification of the wife of so and so
而事情往往復雜在某某之妻的身份鑒定上
Precisely because all the kinship levels were male structured
準確來說是因為血緣關系都以男性為主體
Women occupied an alternative almost contrapuntal place in the patriciate
貴族階級中女人占據可有可無甚至是次要的地位
That ambiguous lineage orientation for women
將女人在家族定位中模糊化
was in fact an engine of social contingency and complexity set in motion by marriage
其實是社會變故的手段而推動了這一復雜局面的正是婚姻
