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But with typical Roman modesty,
但帶著典型的羅馬人的謙遜
typical Roman regard for the mos maiorum,
羅馬人對規則的遵守
Scipio settled for the honorific title Africanus –
西庇阿滿足于一個稱號
that is "Scipio of Africa." He then spent the rest of
即"非洲的西庇阿"他的余生
his career in comparative quiet.Segment eight D;
都在平靜中度過，第四部分
Rome Becomes A Superpower.
羅馬崛起成為強國
Rome's victory over Carthage in the second Punic War,
羅馬在第二次布匿戰爭中戰勝迦太基
two eighteen to two zero one BC, was final.
那是在公元前218年直至公元前201
Combined with Rome's victory over King Philip
羅馬也戰爭了菲力浦大帝
the Fifth of Macedon, it made Rome the major power
他是馬其頓國家，這也是羅馬成為強國
in the Mediterranean world.
在整個地中海地區
such as Sicily, Corsica, Illyria, and Transpadane Gaul.
比如西西里，科西嘉，伊利里亞和山南高盧
Yet the Roman aristocracy's passiveness
但羅馬人在與Hannibal戰斗時
in fighting Hannibal suggests that
仍保持被動，這表明了
Rome had no clear-cut imperialistic agenda.
羅馬并沒有明確的帝國主義目標
The Romans never did forgot
羅馬人從未忘記
how close Hannibal had come to beating them
漢尼拔如何打擊羅馬
and the cry Hannibal ad portas sent little Roman kids
還講著漢尼拔的故事嚇唬小孩
skittering for centuries afterward.
之后的幾百年間仍是如此
But as the superpower in the Mediterranean,
但作為地中海地區的強國
the Romans were now obliged to maintain order
羅馬人現在有義務維持秩序
in the territory they now ruled.
在他們統治的地區中
Rome needed a workable public plan for ensuring
羅馬需要可行的公共事務規劃
it would never again come so close to defeat.
確保它不會再輸
Up until the second Punic War,
直到第二次布匿戰爭
most of Rome's wars had in fact been defensive.
羅馬的絕大多數戰役都以失敗告終
Since this satisfied the ius fetialis,
自從滿足了使節制度后
the Romans found this a comfortable way to operate.
羅馬便可以開始良好地運行
But Rome's new superpower responsibilities
但羅馬作為新的強國的責任
brought on a period of aggressive imperialism,
也帶來了一段時期的激進帝國主義
in which the Romans picked fights in order to stabilize
在此期間，羅馬也開始打仗
the Greek-speaking Eastern Mediterranean world.
為了穩定地中海東部講希臘語的地區
We've already seen that Rome had no coherent plan
我們已經看到羅馬沒有連貫的計劃
for assimilating its Italian conquests and Italian allies.
以此同化意大利被征服者和同盟
Some towns got citizenship,
有一些城鎮的人獲得居民權
some towns got Latin rights, and some got the shaft.
有人獲得拉丁的權力，有人卻受到不公正待遇
The mos maiorum had no provisions
規則中卻沒有詳細規定
for assigning ager publicus - that is to say
如何幫助國有土地，也就是說
captured land belonging to the Roman state.
那些被掠奪的土地屬于羅馬
But the experience of the Second Punic War
但第二次布匿戰爭的經歷
proved to the Romans that
向羅馬證明了
a workable plan was desperately needed.
他們非常需要一個可行的計劃
So the Romans invented a system of provinces.
因此羅馬就建立了許多省份
The provinces of Sicily two forty one BC,
在公元前241年建立西西里省
Sardinia and Corsica two thirty one BC,
公元前231年建立撒丁和科西嘉省
Nearer Spain one ninety seven BC,
在公元前197年建立西班牙
Farther Spain one ninety seven BC
同年也建立了遠西班牙
and Illyricum one sixty seven BC were established,
在公元前167年建立了伊利里亞
and overseen by promagistrates.
由資深長官來監督
Promagistrates were former consuls or former praetors
資深長官也是前領事或前長官
who served a year governing one of these provinces.
他們會有一年任期，管理這些省
The Roman provinces were ruled for Rome's benefit
羅馬省份的管理只符合羅馬利益
alone. The proconsuls and propraetors themselves
那些資深長官和前領事們
were accountable only to the Roman Senate,
只對羅馬元老院負責
of which they were already influential members.
他們早已是元老院影響力很大的成員
In his own province, the proconsul or propraetor
每個資深領事在他管理的省份中
had imperium, he dispensed justice, usually for a price,
都有統治權，他分配公平
protecting Roman business interests,
保護羅馬的商業利益
and made sure that the locals,
也要確保當地居民
either inside or outside the province, obeyed Rome.
無論是在省內還是省外的都服從羅馬
