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Portugal and Spain;
葡萄牙和西班牙
under the guidance of
在有遠見的
the far sighted Henry the Navigator,
航海家亨利(1394-1460)的
1394 to 1460,
指導下
Portugal kicked off the wave of exploration,
葡萄牙開啟了探險熱潮
looking for new lands and new markets
希望獲得新土地和新市場
the Portuguese weren't strong enough
當時的葡萄牙沒有足夠的實力
to fight the other Europeans on land for them
和其他歐洲國家爭奪
so they had to look
所以他們不得不
longer and harder and farther away.
從更長遠和更艱辛的角度來看
The accidental discovery of Brazil didn't hurt either.
偶然發現巴西也無妨
Although Columbus reached
盡管哥倫布最早
the New World first
到達新大陸
and claimed it for Spain,
并聲稱它屬于西班牙
Portugal's hard work paid off.
葡萄牙的努力得到了回報
By 1500 Portugal controlled
1500年時，葡萄牙控制了
the entire flow of gold to Europe.
所有到達歐洲的黃金運輸
The Spanish had finally kicked
西班牙當時終于
the Moors out of the Iberian Peninsula for good
將摩爾人趕出伊比利亞半島
and they also wanted new lands
他們也想獲得新土地
and new markets.
和新市場
So powerful were Spain and Portugal that
因為西班牙和葡萄牙在
in 1493 Pope Alexander the 6th,
1493年時勢力很大，教宗亞歷山大六世
who was not really a nice guy,
他其實不算是個好人
drew an arbitrary north South line
很隨意地劃了
across the globe.
一條跨越全球的南北分界線
By doing this he divided the world
他這樣做的結果是將世界
into spheres of influence;
劃分為兩個勢力范圍
the Spanish half and the Portuguese half.
西班牙一半，葡萄牙一半
This agreement is better known
這一條約大家更熟悉的名字是
as the treaty of Tordesillas,
托爾德西里亞斯條約
after the town where
是根據1494年
the Spanish and Portuguese envoys met
西班牙和葡萄牙艦隊相遇的
in 1494 to adjust the border a little bit.
小鎮命名的，將邊境修改了一些
It is a testimony to
它證明了
the arrogance of the crowned heads of
歐洲王室和天主教的
Europe and the Catholic Church to think
傲慢自大，以為
that the entire New World
整個新大陸
could really be divided into 2 parts.
可以分為兩部分
The second European,
第二批到達的歐洲人
if we're going to count the Vikings first,
如果我們認為維京人是第一批的話
to reach the Americas was Cristobel Cologne,
是克里斯托貝爾科隆
an Italian far better known as Christopher Columbus.
一位意大利航海家，他更為人熟知的名字是
Chartered by the King and Queen of Spain,
克里斯托弗哥倫布，得到西班牙
Ferdinand and Isabella,
國王和王后費迪南和伊莎貝拉的特許
Columbus's first expedition reached
哥倫布第一次航行
what is now the island of San Salvador
到達的是圣薩爾瓦多島
on October 11th 1492.
在1492年10月11日
He thought he'd landed in India.
他以為自己到了印度
Columbus spent the next 5 months
哥倫布在之后的5個月
exploring the area, looking for Gold
一直在這個地區探險，希望能找到黃金
and enslaving the natives.
奴役當地人民
Since he thought that he was in India
因為他覺得自己在印度
he called the natives Indians.
他把當地人稱為印第安人
Columbus's 3 subsequent expeditions
之后的三個探險中
took him to Cuba, Mexico,
他去了古巴，墨西哥
Honduras and Venezuela;
洪都拉斯和委內瑞拉
Columbus never reached the mainland
哥倫布從來沒有去過
of the modern United States
現在美國所在的大陸
and he really never got anywhere close to India.
他也從來沒有接近過印度
The lands he supposedly discovered
那些可能是他發現的陸地
were named after another explorer
以另一位探險家的名字命名
but the American toe hold Columbus
但是美洲承認哥倫布
claimed for Spain
為西班牙所做的聲明
provided the base for the Spanish triumphs
考慮到西班牙戰勝了
over the Aztecs and the Incans.
阿茲特克和印加人
The Spanish continued pushing their influence
西班牙人繼續盡可能地
as far as they could.
擴大其影響力
Hernando Desoto,
赫南多德·德索托
an associate of the Conquistador Pesaro
佩薩羅的助手
left Cabana, Cuba
離開古巴
with his expedition in 1539.
在1539年繼續自己的探險
Landing in Florida
來到了佛羅里達
Desoto looked for gold as far west as the Mississippi
德索托為了找到了黃金，去了密西西比地區
but found very little before his death in 1542.
但在他死之前，也就是1542年，都幾乎沒找到
He did however successfully
不過他確實成功
antagonize every Indian tribe he encountered
讓他遇到的每一個印第安部落成為敵人
setting a very bad precedent
為歐洲-印第安關系
for European / Indian relations.
樹立了不好的先例
Francisco De Coronado left Mexico in 1540
弗朗西斯科德科羅納多1540年
to find the fabulously wealthy
離開墨西哥去尋找薩布拉
but mythical 7 cities of Sabula.
神秘而又富有的城市
Like Desoto he came back
但是和德索托一樣
not a 6 pence the richer
他回來的時候不比原來多6便士
but he did manage to explore
不過他成功
a great deal of the south west,
探索了西南地區
as far north as the modern Kansas,
向北最遠到達今天的堪薩斯
later known as a Mexico territory.
后來成為墨西哥領土
