My friend, Daniel Batson, spent a whole life putting people in the lab in very complex situations.
我的朋友丹尼爾巴特森花了一生的時(shí)間研究人們在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中復(fù)雜環(huán)境下的表現(xiàn)。
And of course we are sometimes selfish, and some people more than others.
當(dāng)然,我們有時(shí)是自私的, 而且有些人會比他人更自私。
But he found that systematically, no matter what,there's a significant number of people who do behave altruistically, no matter what.
但他發(fā)現(xiàn),整體來看,無論如何,有大量的人會表現(xiàn)出利他的行為,無論如何。
If you see someone deeply wounded, great suffering,you might just help out of empathic distress you can't stand it, so it's better to help than to keep on looking at that person.
如果你看到有人受傷很嚴(yán)重,非常痛苦,你就會出于同理心而伸出救援之手,你無法承受其傷痛, 與其冷眼相看,不如上前救援。
So we tested all that, and in the end, he said, clearly people can be altruistic.
種種情況都進(jìn)行過試驗(yàn)研究, 最后,他說,人是有利他精神的
So that's good news.
這是好消息。
And even further, we should look at the banality of goodness.
而且,我們要看到善良的平凡一面。
Now look at here.
看這兒,
When we come out, we aren't going to say,That's so nice.
當(dāng)我們走出家門,我們不會說,太好了,
There was no fistfight while this mob was thinking about altruism.
當(dāng)強(qiáng)盜也在考慮幫助他人, 就不會有暴力發(fā)生了。
No, that's expected, isn't it?
不,這很顯然,不是嗎?
If there was a fistfight, we would speak of that for months.
如果真有暴力事件, 那夠我們談?wù)搸讉€(gè)月的了。
So the banality of goodness is something that doesn't attract your attention,but it exists.
因此,你或許沒留意到善良的平凡一面,但它確實(shí)存在。
Now, look at this.
看這段錄像,
So some psychologists said,when I tell them I run 140 humanitarian projects in the Himalayas that give me so much joy,they said, Oh, I see, you work for the warm glow.
許多心理學(xué)家說,當(dāng)我告訴他們我在喜馬拉雅地區(qū) 開展的140個(gè)人道主義行動帶給我極大的幸福感時(shí),他們說,我明白了,這是溫情效應(yīng),
That is not altruistic. You just feel good.
而不是利他精神, 你只是為了讓自己感覺良好。
You think this guy, when he jumped in front of the train,he thought, I'm going to feel so good when this is over?
看看他,迎著火車跳入鐵軌時(shí),你們認(rèn)為他會在想 救了他之后我的感覺會棒極了嗎?
But that's not the end of it.
故事并沒有結(jié)束。
They say, well, but when you interviewed him, he said,I had no choice. I had to jump, of course.
他們說,好吧,他接受采訪時(shí),說,我沒有選擇,我不得不跳下去, 當(dāng)然了。
He has no choice. Automatic behavior. It's neither selfish nor altruistic.
他沒有選擇,自發(fā)的行為。 這不是自私也不是利他。
No choice?
沒有選擇?
Well of course, this guy's not going to think for half an hour,Should I give my hand? Not give my hand?
當(dāng)然,他不會在那想個(gè)半小時(shí),我要不要救他?不救他會怎樣?
He does it. There is a choice, but it's obvious, it's immediate.
他跳了下去,這是一個(gè)選擇, 但很顯然,這是瞬間的反應(yīng)。
And then, also, there he had a choice.
然后,沒錯(cuò),他確實(shí)是做了選擇。
There are people who had choice, like Pastor Andr Trocm and his wife,and the whole village of Le Chambon-sur-Lignon in France.
有很多人做了選擇, 像 Pastor Andre Trocme 和他的妻子,還有法國的名為利尼翁河畔勒尚邦的小鎮(zhèn)。
For the whole Second World War, they saved 3,500 Jews,
在二次世界大戰(zhàn)期間, 他們救了三千五百個(gè)猶太人,
gave them shelter, brought them to Switzerland,
為他們提供住所,帶他們?nèi)ト鹗浚?/div>
against all odds, at the risk of their lives and those of their family.
克服一切困難,冒著喪生和失去整個(gè)家庭的危險(xiǎn)。
So altruism does exist.
因此,利他精神確實(shí)存在。
So what is altruism?
利他精神是什么呢?
It is the wish: May others be happy and find the cause of happiness.
是一種希望: 愿他人幸福喜樂,并找到幸福的根源。
Now, empathy is the affective resonance or cognitive resonance that tells you,this person is joyful, this person suffers.
移情作用是一種共鳴, 或稱之為認(rèn)知共鳴,它會讓你感受到他人的歡快, 他人的傷痛。
But empathy alone is not sufficient.
但只有移情是不夠的。
If you keep on being confronted with suffering,you might have empathic distress, burnout,so you need the greater sphere of loving-kindness.
如果周遭的不幸始終籠罩著你,你就會感到壓力,承受不住,所以,你需要更大范圍的充滿關(guān)愛的善良。
With Tania Singer at the Max Planck Institute of Leipzig,we showed that the brain networks for empathy and loving-kindness are different.
來自萊比錫馬普研究所的塔尼亞辛格 與我一起發(fā)現(xiàn),從大腦構(gòu)造的角度來看, 移情和充滿關(guān)愛的善良是不一樣的。
Now, that's all well done,so we got that from evolution, from maternal care, parental love,but we need to extend that.
這是成熟的科學(xué)研究。這些是進(jìn)化而來的, 是從我們接受母愛、父愛而得到的,但我們不能止步于此,
It can be extended even to other species.
它還可以拓展到其他物種。
Now, if we want a more altruistic society, we need two things:
如果希望社會中有更多的利他行為, 我們需要做到兩方面:
individual change and societal change.
個(gè)人的改變和社會的改變。
So is individual change possible?
個(gè)人的改變可能嗎?
Two thousand years of contemplative study said yes, it is.
兩千年的冥想研究表明,是可以改變的。
Now, 15 years of collaboration with neuroscience and epigenetics said yes, our brains change when you train in altruism.
神經(jīng)科學(xué)和表觀遺傳學(xué) 長達(dá)15年的合作也表明,改變可以發(fā)生,當(dāng)你接受利他精神的訓(xùn)練時(shí), 你的大腦會發(fā)生改變。
So I spent 120 hours in an MRI machine.
我接受了MRI長達(dá)120小時(shí)的掃描,
This is the first time I went after two and a half hours.
這是上次兩個(gè)半小時(shí)治療后第一次接受掃描。
And then the result has been published in many scientific papers.
掃描的結(jié)果被多篇學(xué)術(shù)論文選用。
It shows without ambiguity that there is structural change and functional change in the brain when you train the altruistic love.
其結(jié)果清晰地表明,當(dāng)你接受利他關(guān)愛的訓(xùn)練時(shí),大腦的結(jié)構(gòu)和機(jī)能會發(fā)生改變。
Just to give you an idea:
給你們一個(gè)直觀的感受:
this is the meditator at rest on the left,meditator in compassion meditation, you see all the activity,and then the control group at rest, nothing happened,in meditation, nothing happened.
從左到右依次是放松狀態(tài)下的冥思者,正在冥思憐憫的冥思者, 你們能看到發(fā)生了什么,然后是對照組,放松時(shí),什么都沒發(fā)生,冥想時(shí),什么都沒發(fā)生。
來源:可可英語 http://www.ccdyzl.cn/Article/201503/365492.shtml