Part 1 The Evolution of Ice Cream 冰淇淋進化史

Ice cream's origins are known to reach back as far as the second century B.C., although no specific date of origin nor inventor has been indisputably credited with its discovery. We know that Alexander the Great enjoyed snow and ice flavored with honey and nectar. Biblical references also show that King Solomon was fond of iced drinks during harvesting. During the Roman Empire, Nero Claudius Caesar (A.D. 54-86) frequently sent runners into the mountains for snow, which was then flavored with fruits and juices.

Over a thousand years later, Marco Polo returned to Italy from the Far East with a recipe that closely resembled what is now called sherbet. Historians estimate that this recipe evolved into ice cream sometime in the 16th century. England seems to have discovered ice cream at the same time, or perhaps even earlier than the Italians. "Cream Ice," as it was called, appeared regularly at the table of Charles I during the 17th century.

France was introduced to similar frozen desserts in 1553 by the Italian Catherine de Medici when she became the wife of Henry II of France. It wasn't until 1660 that ice cream was made available to the general public.

The first official account of ice cream in America comes from a letter written in 1700 by a guest of Maryland Governor William Bladen. The first advertisement for ice cream in this country appeared in the New York Gazette on May 12, 1777, when confectioner Philip Lenzi announced that ice cream was available "almost every day."

Records kept by a Chatham Street, New York, merchant show that President George Washington spent approximately $200 for ice cream during the summer of 1790. Inventory records of Mount Vernon taken after Washington's death revealed "two pewter ice cream pots."

President Thomas Jefferson was said to have a favorite 18-step recipe for an ice cream delicacy that resembled a modern-day Baked Alaska. Check out President Jefferson's vanilla ice cream recipe here. In 1812, Dolley Madison served a magnificent strawberry ice cream creation at President Madison's second inaugural banquet at the White House.

Until 1800, ice cream remained a rare and exotic dessert enjoyed mostly by the elite. Around 1800, insulated ice houses were invented. Manufacturing ice cream soon became an industry in America, pioneered in 1851 by a Baltimore milk dealer named Jacob Fussell.

Like other American industries, ice cream production increased because of technological innovations, including steam power, mechanical refrigeration, the homogenizer, electric power and motors, packing machines, and new freezing processes and equipment. In addition, motorized delivery vehicles dramatically changed the industry.

Due to ongoing technological advances, today's total frozen dairy annual production in the United States is more than 1.6 billion gallons.

Wide availability of ice cream in the late 19th century led to new creations. In 1874, the American soda fountain shop and the profession of the "soda jerk" emerged with the invention of the ice cream soda.

In response to religious criticism for eating "sinfully" rich ice cream sodas on Sundays, ice cream merchants left out the carbonated water and invented the ice cream "Sunday" in the late 1890's. The name was eventually changed to "sundae" to remove any connection with the Sabbath.

Ice cream became an edible morale symbol during World War II. Each branch of the military tried to outdo the others in serving ice cream to its troops. In 1945, the first "floating ice cream parlor" was built for sailors in the western Pacific. When the war ended, and dairy product rationing was lifted, America celebrated its victory with ice cream. Americans consumed over 20 quarts of ice cream per person in 1946.

In the 1940's through the 50's, ice cream production was relatively constant in the United States. As more prepackaged ice cream was sold through supermarkets, traditional ice cream parlors and soda fountains started to disappear. Now, specialty ice cream stores and unique restaurants that feature ice cream dishes have surged in popularity. These stores and restaurants are popular with those who remember the ice cream shops and soda fountains of days past, as well as with new generations of ice cream fans.

冰淇淋的起源說法很多，西方傳說公元前4世紀左右，亞歷山大大帝遠征埃及時，將阿爾卑斯山的冬雪保存下來，將水果或果汁用其冷凍后食用，從而增強了士兵的士氣。還有記載顯示，巴勒斯坦人利用洞穴或峽谷中的冰雪驅除炎熱。

在各種說法中，最具說服力的還是始于中國。1292年，在馬可·波羅游歷中國后，記載他將在北京最愛吃的凍奶的配方帶回威尼斯，并在意大利北部流傳開來。東方的傳統冰凍食品經馬可·波羅傳入西方，并得到進一步發展，實現了產業化，從而誕生了今天的冰淇淋。

冰淇淋風靡全世界，是在1660年前后，在巴黎最早開業的Cafe Procope，意大利人Cotelli制造出在桔子或檸檬等中加入香味的果汁后，將其凍結制成冰果并進行銷售。

但這時的產品冰晶大，較之冰淇淋更接近于冰凍果汁。最先開始制造出今天這樣冰晶小而柔軟的產品，是從1774年法國路易國王的御用廚師開始的。

這時被稱為奶油冰，后來隨著大量使用濃縮乳、煉乳、奶粉等原料，才開始稱其為冰淇淋。接著，冰淇淋經法國傳入英國、美國，逐漸被人們所認知。

Part 2 Cool Treats in Summer 夏日去吃冰

Dialogue Script 1 對話原文 1

Peter: I love cool snacks on hot days.
Tina: Coming to this place beats getting Popsicles at 7-ELEVEN any day.
Peter: Ice cream parlors used to be everywhere. Now, few are left.
Tina: Hmm. We could get hot fudge sundaes.
Peter: Every dish comes with two scoops of ice cream, three toppings, and two kinds of syrups.
Tina: Let's get this dish called " The Trough".
Peter: It sounds big.
Tina: It is. If we can finish it, it's free!

講解：

1 .對話中，Peter 和Tina商量著要一起去冰淇淋店吃冰淇淋。冰淇淋店的說法是 ice cream parlor。cool snacks 這里就是指“冰點，涼品”，也可以說cool treats。

2. Tina說去冰淇淋店吃冰淇淋要比去便利店買冰棒強。這里的7-ELEVEN應該是一個便利店的名稱。Popsicle是“冰棒”的意思，是一個俚語詞匯。

3. Coming to this place beats getting Popsicles at 7-ELEVEN any day. 這句話當中的beat表示“勝過，比…強”，比如說，Nothing beats home cooking. 什么也不如家里的飯菜好吃。You can't beat Italian clothes. 意大利的時裝無與倫比。

4. Peter感嘆說以前到處都是冰淇淋店，現在沒剩幾家了。Now, few are left. 當中的few本身就帶有否定的意味，表示“沒有多少”。但是a few這個詞組卻表示“有一些”。這樣的用法跟little 和a little是一樣的，只不過few 和a few是用來修飾可數名詞，而little和 a little是用來修飾不可數名詞的。

5. Tina提議點熱奶油糖漿圣代，fudge指“奶油巧克力糖漿”，用奶油、巧克力、糖漿煮的濃糖漿，經常趁熱淋在冰淇淋上食用，所以這里說hot fudge。sundae大家就比較熟悉了，就是我們通常說的“圣代”，是一種冰淇淋的花樣吃法，將幾勺冰淇淋盛在杯子中，加上各種糖漿和配料食用。在肯德基店里我們就能吃到，不過在麥當勞里可不叫“圣代”，而是叫做“新地”。

6. 這家冰淇淋店的圣代每份都可以有兩球冰淇淋，上面放三種配料，淋兩種糖漿。Tina就想點這種叫做“飼料槽”的圣代，不過分量很大。如果顧客能把這種分量很大的圣代吃完的話，就免費。可能冰淇淋店里的一種促銷活動吧。

Dialogue Script 2 對話原文 2

Tina: They don't have my favorite flavor.
Peter: Can't you just order something else?
Tina: I just want one scoop of chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream.
Peter: They've gotta have something else.
Tina: I guess I could get something with cookies in it.
Peter: While you order, I'm gonna go look at the candy section.
Tina: Hey, can you get me a gobstopper?
Peter: No problem. Order me a Yukon Blast, would you? Coconut and peanut butter ice cream. And help me pick the toppings and syrup.

講解：

1. 對話中Tina和Peter在冰淇淋店點冰淇淋吃。Tina抱怨說店里沒有她最喜歡的口味，flavor表示“食物的特別的味道”，比如說，They sell six different flavors of ice-cream. 他們賣六種不同口味的冰淇淋。Peter勸Tina可以點別的口味的。

2. Tina要了一球巧克力脆片餅干冰淇淋。冰淇淋店里的冰淇淋都是以scoop “一勺，一球”為單位的。所以Tina這里說，one scoop of chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream. cookie dough就是“餅干塊”的意思。

3. 但是這家店里沒有這種口味的冰淇淋，Tina只想要里面有餅干塊的冰淇淋。Peter 趁Tina點冰淇淋的空檔要去糖果區逛逛。candy section，就是指“糖果區”，美國有些冰淇淋店會附設賣糖果的地方。

4. Tina求Peter給她帶個大糖球，就是gobstopper。Peter也求Tina幫他點一份“育空狂歡節”，a Yukon Blast，是一種冰淇淋的種類。Yukon，就是指“育空地區”，是位于加拿大西北部的一個地區。blast是“狂歡”的意思。

5. Peter又解釋了一下什么是“育空狂歡節”，就是椰子冰淇淋和花生醬冰淇淋。他還央求Tina幫他選擇上面的配料和糖漿。topping 指“放在食物上面的配料”，syrup 是指“糖漿”，可以抹在冰淇淋或者面包上吃。

Dialogue Script 3 對話原文 3

Tina: I've never seen so many ice cream choices before. I don't know what to order.
Waiter: Try our root beer float. Vanilla ice cream in a glass of root beer.
Tina: I don't like root beer. But this looks good. And ice cream cone dipped in melted chocolate.
Waiter: That's our house specialty. That and our banana splits.
Tina: I'll have a tiramisu-flavored ice cream dip with crushed peanuts sprinkled on top.
Waiter: Waffle cone or regular?
Tina: Waffle for sure.

講解：

1. Tina從來沒見過這么多種類的冰淇淋，她都不知道該點什么了。店員跟她推薦root beer float，漂浮沙士。float是指“漂浮”，一種在汽水里加入冰淇淋的冷飲。root beer 就是指“沙士”，是一種從某些植物的根部提取汁液或精制成充二氧化碳氣體的軟飲料。

2. 但是Tina不喜歡沙士。她覺得蛋卷冰淇淋浸融化的巧克力看起來還不錯。店員說這款冰淇淋是本店的特別推薦產品，house specialty，就是我們通常說的“招牌菜”什么的。還有banana splits，香蕉船。

3. 香蕉船也是一種冰淇淋的花樣吃法。把香蕉放在長型淺盤中，放上冰淇淋、鮮奶油和巧克力醬等配料。Tina點了提拉米蘇口味的冰淇淋浸巧克力，上面灑碎花生。tiramisu是一種意大利甜食。dip的意思是“浸，沾”，這里也當作名詞，是“浸巧克力醬的甜筒冰淇淋”。

4. 店員又問Tina是要威化餅甜筒還是一般的甜筒，cone 原來指“錐形物，圓錐體”，因為盛冰淇淋的蛋筒一般都是圓錐形的，所以直接用cone來指“蛋筒，甜筒”。Tina說當然要威化餅甜筒了，for sure這里的意思是“當然”，相當于of course。

Dialogue Script 4 對話原文 4

Waitress: And what would you like?
Peter: I'll take a scoop of cookies 'n cream and mint chocolate chip.
Waitress: And toppings with that?
Peter: Yeah, I want pralines and pecans on top with some whipped cream.
Waitress: That's three toppings. You still have two kinds of syrup.
Peter: Caramel and chocolate syrup.
Waitress: I'll add a cherry on top just because I like you.
Peter: Thanks. And I want it in a cup, with a strawberry shake on the side.

講解：

1. 現在我們來看看Peter點了什么口味的冰淇淋，他點的是一球餅干加奶油和一球薄荷巧克力脆片冰淇淋。上面的toppings Peter要的是堅果糖 pralines，山核桃 pecans和一點發泡奶油 whipped cream。花樣還挺多的。

2. 另外還可以加兩種糖漿，Peter點的是焦糖和巧克力糖漿，Caramel and chocolate syrup。店員還給Peter的冰淇淋上面加了一顆櫻桃，看起來更加可口了。Peter不要下面的甜筒，而是要求把冰淇淋裝在杯子里，另外來一杯草莓奶昔。on the side作狀語，表示“外加某種東西”的意思。

Dialogue Script 5 對話原文 5

Tina: Wow, this is so delicious! The chocolate coating is so crunchy.
Peter: You'd better slow down.
Tina: But I can't. it's addictive.
Peter: So's mine. They even put pieces of coconut into it.
Tina: Oh. My head is starting to hurt.
Peter: I told you to slow down. Now you're getting a brain freeze.
Tina: My eyes and nose are frozen. Ohh...
Peter: Close your mouth and breathe out of your nose. That helps.
Tina: I should slow down, but it's just so good.

講解：

1. 點完了冰淇淋，兩個人開始很過癮地吃起來。Tina覺得這冰淇淋真是太好吃了，外面的那層巧克力很脆。The chocolate coating is so crunchy. coating是指“外殼，外面包裹的一層”，是從coat 這個詞變化過來的，還是很形象的。

2. Peter看Tina狼吞虎咽的，勸她慢下來，不要急。但是Tina沒有辦法慢下來，因為吃冰淇淋會上癮的。addictive 是“會讓人上癮的”意思，比如說，Coffee is addictive in a mild way. 咖啡能稍微使人上癮。

3. Peter的冰淇淋也非常可口，里面甚至還有椰子肉。一會兒，Tina的頭開始疼了，因為她吃的太快了，結果現在吃冰吃到頭疼了，Now you're getting a brain freeze. 當中的brain freeze就是指“因為吃冰的東西太快而導致的頭疼”。現在Tina感覺眼睛和鼻子都凍僵了。Peter教她把嘴閉上，用鼻子來呼氣，會感覺好一點。

Part 3 An Ice Cream Truck 冰淇淋車

Dialogue Script 1 對話原文 1

Peter: I can make better ice cream than this.
Tina: You can make ice cream?
Peter: Yeah. It's easy. All you need is ice, salt, cream, milk and sugar.
Tina: So you just put it all together and bam, you have ice cream, right?
Peter: Wrong. You have to put it into an ice cream maker. Old-style ones were operated with a hand crank.
Tina: That sounds tiring.
Peter: It's kind of fun. Everybody has to do a little cranking if they want some ice cream.

講解：

1. Peter說他可以自己做冰淇淋，而且做的要比冰淇淋店里賣的還好吃。他說做冰淇淋很簡單，只需要冰塊、鹽、鮮奶油、牛奶和糖就夠了。Tina不明白，難道把這些東西混合到一塊，冰淇淋就能自動做好了嗎？

2. 她說So you just put it all together and bam, you have ice cream, right?這句話當中有一個非常口語話的用法，就是...and bam,...做了某些事，然后砰的一生，某種東西就變出來了。表示“某種東西得來太容易”。bam在這里更像是一個擬聲詞。

3. 當然沒有那么容易就做出冰淇淋來。必須把這些材料一起放進冰淇淋制造機當中，老式的冰淇淋機器是靠一個手把來操作的。hand crank指“可以搖動旋轉的把手”，crank在這里做名詞，crank作動詞的時候表示 “搖把手”。

4. Tina覺得自己做冰淇淋很累人，還很麻煩。Peter告訴她說還蠻好玩的。每個想吃冰淇淋的人都得來搖兩下把手，盡一份自己的力量，還比較有情趣。

Dialogue Script 2 對話原文 2

Tina: I'm craving ice cream again.
Peter: We could get a bucket of Ben and Jerry's at the supermarket.
Tina: Let's go to a H?agen Dazs parlor.
Peter: There aren't any around here.
Tina: All right. Too bad we don't have one of those ice cream makers.
Peter: You'll love Ben and Jerry's Cherry Garcia. It's chocolate cherry flavored.
Tina: Hey! Listen! There's an ice cream truck!
Peter: Quick! Let's run after it!
( Later)
Tina: Whew. That was close. You almost got away.
Driver: Well you should try an ice-cream sandwich. It'll help you catch your breath.
Tina: I'll have a Klondike bar.
Driver: You get a free Choco Taco with that.
Tina: Cool. I haven't seen an ice cream truck in ages.
Driver: We're a rare breed these days.

講解：

1. 對話中Peter和Tina又想吃冰淇淋了。crave這個詞表示“渴望，渴求某事物”，用法是crave /crave for sth，比如說，I was craving for a cool drink. 我非常想喝一杯冷飲。

2. Peter提議去超市買一桶冰淇淋，不過Tina好像不喜歡超市里的冰淇淋，她說要去哈根達斯冰淇淋店。但是附近卻沒有這樣的冰淇淋店。

3. Tina這時又覺得如果手邊有一架做冰淇淋的機器也好啊，可以做自己喜歡吃的冰淇淋。突然，Tina聽見了好像有一輛冰淇淋車開過來了。ice cream truck就是指“賣冰淇淋的小卡車”，美國的冰淇淋車會一邊行駛一邊放音樂。如果你想吃冰淇淋了，就要留心聽街上是不是有這樣的音樂傳來，準備好零錢，沖出家門買你喜歡吃的冰淇淋。

4. Peter和Tina差一點就沒有追上冰淇淋車，That was close. 這句話的意思是“好險”，表示“差點就要發生某件事情”。

5. 賣冰淇淋的人建議Tina買一個冰淇淋，這樣就不會喘了，原來Tina追冰淇淋車追得氣喘吁吁的。catch one's breath，某人覺得不再氣喘，順過氣來。那么跟它相對的就是lose one's breath喘不過氣來。

6. Tina要了一個冰淇淋夾心的巧克力餅干，a Klondike bar 。Klondike bar 是美國著名的冰淇淋點心品牌，在大片方形巧克力餅干中間夾一層很厚的冰淇淋。

7. 買一個Klondike bar 還可以得到一份免費贈送的巧克力冰淇淋塔可餅，就是Choco Taco，也是美國冰淇淋點心品牌，在墨西哥玉米薄餅Taco中間夾冰淇淋和巧克力。Tina說好久都沒有見到冰淇淋車了，in ages表示“好久，好多年”，跟in years差不多。