Part 2 Family Members and Family Tree 家庭成員

我們每個人都有很多親屬，那么我們應(yīng)該怎樣用英語來稱呼他們呢？father，mother，dad，mom 的意思分別是“父親”，“母親”，“爸爸”，“媽媽”，前兩個詞為書面語，后兩個詞是孩子在家對“爸爸”，“媽媽”的稱呼常用在中語中。還有daddy和mommy也是孩子們最喜歡的稱呼語。

稱呼還有husband，wife，son，daughter，brother，sister，uncle，aunt，nephew，niece，cousin。在father mother前面加上grand組成 grandmother和grandfather，就是祖父祖母或外公外婆，口語當(dāng)中常用 grandma grandpa。這里哥哥，弟弟都用brother 來表示，sister可以同時表示姐姐、妹妹，這跟漢語是不同的，一般在西方家庭兄弟姐妹之間都可以直呼其名，那么當(dāng)你必須說明你和你的兄弟姐妹之間的長幼關(guān)系時怎么辦呢？可以在brother或sister前面加上elder這個詞，elder brother 或elder sister，就表示哥哥、姐姐了，或者也可以加上big，這個詞也能表示同樣的意義。那么在brother 或者sister前面加上younger就可以表示“弟弟、妹妹”了，就是younger brother，younger sister。

英語中對親戚的稱呼跟中文也是有區(qū)別的，結(jié)婚以后，雙方的直系親屬也就是immediate family就都變成了對方的姻親in-laws，比如father-in-law就是指岳父或者是公公，mother-in-law指岳母或婆婆，sister-in-law嫂子、弟媳等等，brother-in-law指內(nèi)兄、內(nèi)弟、小叔子、姐夫、妹夫等等。一看中英文的對照，就知道英語對親屬的稱謂比起中文要簡單得多。中文按年齡、男方還是女方的關(guān)系等等為親屬冠之以不同的稱呼，而西方人似乎不太在乎這位親戚是父親這邊的(on the father's side)還是母親那邊的(on the mother's side)，一視同仁，給一個稱呼。

更有意思的是對distant relatives，也就是“遠(yuǎn)親”的稱呼。cousin一詞不分男女，概括了所有“堂兄弟和堂姐妹或者表兄弟和表姐妹”。而“侄子或外甥”都是nephew；“侄女或外甥女”則都是"niece"。不過，盡管英語中的稱謂不如中文的分工細(xì)致, "Blood is thicker than water"(血濃于水)是東、西方人都認(rèn)同的。

那么，既然英語的家庭關(guān)系詞匯不難，那我們來聽聽下面這段話，看你是否能根據(jù)這段話畫出一張family tree。

還是先來解釋一下什么是family tree 吧。family tree顧名思義就是“家譜圖”，英文解釋為A family tree is a diagram(表格)of the people in a family. 就是指家庭成員關(guān)系的圖解描繪。感興趣的朋友們可以根據(jù)下面這段話自己動手畫一畫。

聽力材料：

Stephanie is the youngest in her family. Her elder brother Mark is married with a son Kevin. Her sister-in-law Rose used to go to the same high school with Stephanie. Her sister Kate married Thomas Hawkins last year and they've just had a baby daughter Millie. Stephanie adores her nephew and niece. Bart and Marie are Stephanie's cousins. They are children of Barbara and Peter. Aunt Barbara is the younger sister of Stephanie's father Gordon. Stephanie's mother Joy had a younger sister Liz who is divorced with a daughter Lily. Both grandparents on Stephanie's father's side have passed away. But her mother's parents Lucas and Nancy are living not far away from their house.

Part 3 Family Types 家庭類型

Jake: Do you know what an extended family is?
Anne: Yeah. In the past, parents, their children, their children's children used to live together. This kind of family is known as an extended family.
Jake: What about a nuclear family?
Anne: Nowadays, only two generations, that is to say, parents and children live together.
Jake: How about a single parent family?
Anne: That's a family with only a mother or only a father.
Jake: So what is a blended family?
Anne: When two people who have been married and have children, remarry, and both groups of children live together. Why? You indeed asked me so many questions about family.
Jake: I just want to make a survey of public opinion on family ties.

講解：

1. 對話中Jake在做一個關(guān)于對家庭關(guān)系的看法的調(diào)查，他問了Anne一些關(guān)于家庭類型的問題。那么在對話中出現(xiàn)了幾種家庭類型呢？有extended family，就是“大家庭”，在過去呢，父母和他們的孩子以及孩子的孩子都住在一起，就是那種四世同堂的大家庭，不過隨著時代的發(fā)展，這種大家庭已經(jīng)很少了。

2. 另一種家庭類型就是nuclear family，核心家庭，也就是說，父母和他們的孩子住在一起，這是現(xiàn)在一種比較普遍的家庭類型。that is to say，作為插入語表示“換句話說；也就是說；更確切地說”。還有一種類型叫做single parent family，就是我們說的“單親家庭”。就是家里面只有母親或只有父親。

3. 這種家庭類型主要是父母離婚的產(chǎn)物。對話中出現(xiàn)的最后一種家庭類型就是blended family，混合型家庭，就是指再婚后的家庭，男女雙方的孩子都住在一起。marry前面加上前綴“re”表示“再婚”。make a survey of something，表示“對…作全面的調(diào)查”。

4. 這里再補(bǔ)充一種家庭類型，就是“丁克” 家庭。“丁克”的英文意思是：雙份收入，沒有孩子，double income, no kids。是近年來新興的一種家庭模式，這種家庭中只有夫妻二人，不生孩子，既有家庭的溫馨，又保持了“單身貴族”的瀟灑。

Part 4 Some Sentences about Family 跟家庭有關(guān)的句子

1. Tell me about your family.
告訴我你的家庭情況吧。
注釋：用family，表示家庭成員的情況，一般不能用home.

2. How many people are there in your family?
你家有幾口人？

3. Do your parents still work now?
你父母還在工作嗎？

4. Do you have a brother or a sister?
你有兄弟姐妹嗎？
注釋：表示疑問，用or 而不用and。

5. What does your husband /wife do?
你丈夫（妻子）干什么的？

6. Where do your parents live?
你父母住在哪里？

7. How old is your daughter?
你女兒多大了？

8. Where does your son study?
你兒子在哪上學(xué)？

9. Learning to be an understanding, co-operating member of the family is the biggest sign of growing up.
成熟的最明顯標(biāo)志是做一個理解別人，合作的家庭成員。

10. Parents are old-fashioned.
父母很老土。

11. My daughter is too careless with money.
我的女兒花錢總是大手大腳。