1. International trade is the exchange ofgoodsand servicesproduced in onecountryforgoods and servicesproduced in another country.There are several reasons whyinternational trade exists.

1、國際貿(mào)易是一個(gè)國家所生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)和另一個(gè)國家所生產(chǎn)的商品和服務(wù)之間的交換(producedin one country和produced in another是過去分詞作定語，修飾它們前面的goods and services)。這樣做的原因是多方面的（可譯為：國際貿(mào)易存在的原因是多方面的）。

2. The distribution of natural resourcesaroundthe worldissomewhat haphazard: some nationspossessnatural deposits in excess oftheir ownrequirementswhileother nationshave none.For example, Britain haslargereservesof coalbutlacksmany minerals such as nickel, copper, aluminum, etc.,whereasthe Arab stateshave vast oil depositsbutlittle else. In the cultivationof natural productsclimateplays adecisiverole. Some products willonlygrow in tropical climateswhereasothers, such as citrus fruits，requireaMediterranean climate. Moreover,some nationsare unable to producesufficient quantitiesof aparticular productto satisfy a largehome demand. For example, Britain does not produce enough wheattomeet the needs ofits population.These are the reasonswhyinternational tradefirstbegan.

2、世界自然資源的分布是帶有隨意性的（haphazard adj.）。有些國家所擁有的天然資源超過(in excess of)了本身的需要，而(while)別的國家則沒有。例如，英國煤的儲(chǔ)藏量很豐富，但是(but)很多礦藏，如鎳、銅和鋁等都很缺乏(lacks)；而(whereas)阿拉伯國家擁有巨大的石油礦藏，但是其他資源則很少。在天然作物的培育(cultivation)過程中，氣候起到?jīng)Q定性的作用(climate plays a decisive role)。有一些作物只適宜在熱帶氣候的條件下生長，而(whereas)像柑桔類的水果等其他作物則需要地中海型的氣候(mediterranean climate)。此外(moreover)，有些國家的某個(gè)產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)不能滿足國內(nèi)的巨大需求（直譯為：有些國家無法生產(chǎn)足夠數(shù)量的某種產(chǎn)品，以滿足國內(nèi)的需要；tosatisfy...不定式作目的狀語），例如英國的小麥就是這樣(直譯為：例如，英國不能生產(chǎn)足夠的小麥以滿足人口的需要；tomeet... 不定式作目的狀語)。這些就是國際貿(mào)易開始出現(xiàn)的原因。

3. With the development of manufacturing andtechnology, therearoseanotherincentive for nationsto exchangetheir products.It was foundthatit made economic sensefor a nationto specialize incertain activities and produce those goods for whichit had the most advantages，and to exchange those goods for the products of other nationswhich had advantages indifferent fields. This tradeisbased onthe principle of comparative advantage.

3、隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了新的因素促使國家之間進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品交換。(arise-arose-arisenvi. 出現(xiàn)；toexchange their products不定式作定語，修飾another incentive；可譯為：國家之間出現(xiàn)了進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品交換的新因素)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)(It was found that)，如果一個(gè)國家專門從事一定的生產(chǎn)活動(dòng)(specialize in 專門研究)，生產(chǎn)它擁有最大優(yōu)勢（for which it had the mostadvantages是定語從句，修飾those goods；which指代those goods，做介詞for的賓語；advantage for sth.占優(yōu)勢的事物）的產(chǎn)品，并用這些商品與在不同領(lǐng)域擁有優(yōu)勢的（which had advantages in different fields是定語從句，修飾theproducts of other nations；which指代the products，在定語從句中做主語）其他國家所生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行交換（exchangeA for B 用A換B），那在經(jīng)濟(jì)上是合算的(it made economic sensefor a nation 可譯為：對國家而言具有經(jīng)濟(jì)意義)。這種貿(mào)易是在比較優(yōu)勢原則（the principle of comparativeadvantage）的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行的(bebased on 以...為基礎(chǔ))。

4. The theory of comparative advantage, also calledthe comparative cost theory,wasdeveloped byDavid Ricardo and other economistsin the nineteenth century. It points outthattrade between countries canbe profitablefor all.Even ifone of the countries canproduce every commoditymore cheaply，as long asthere areminorrelative differencesin theefficiencyof producing acommodityeventhe poor country can have a comparative advantagein producing it. The paradoxis best illustrated bythis traditional example: the best lawyer in town is also the best typist intown.Sincethis lawyer cannot afford to give upprecioustime fromlegalaffairs，a typistis hiredwhomay beless efficient thanthe lawyerin both legal and typing matters. But the typist’scomparative disadvantage isleastintyping.Therefore, the typist has arelativecomparative advantage intyping.

4、比較優(yōu)勢學(xué)說又稱比較成本學(xué)說，是由大衛(wèi)李嘉圖和其他19世紀(jì)(in the nineteenth century)的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家所建立的（本句使用了被動(dòng)語態(tài)）。該理論指出（pointsout），即使(even if)有某個(gè)國家能以較低的成本生產(chǎn)每一種商品(commodity)，國家之間的貿(mào)易對所有國家仍會(huì)有好處。只要(as long as)在生產(chǎn)一種商品的效率上存在著小的相對的差別(there are minor relativedifferences)，即使是窮國在生產(chǎn)上也會(huì)有比較優(yōu)勢。這種似非而是的理論能夠用下面的傳統(tǒng)例子最恰當(dāng)?shù)赜枰哉f明(本句使用了被動(dòng)語態(tài)；paradox n. 似是而非的論點(diǎn)；illustratevt.舉例說明)。某城最好的律師同時(shí)也是最好的打字員。因?yàn)椋╯ince）這個(gè)律師不能放棄他處理法律事務(wù)的寶貴時(shí)間(afford to做；give up 放棄；precious寶貴的；legal affairs 法律事務(wù))，就雇用了一名打字員（本句使用了被動(dòng)語態(tài)；hire vt. 雇用）。這個(gè)打字員可能在法律和打字方面都不如這位律師（who... 引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾atypist；本句的定語從句翻譯時(shí)，將一個(gè)句子拆成兩個(gè)句子，被修飾的部分作為第二個(gè)句子的主語），但是這個(gè)打字員的比較劣勢在打字方面是最小的（little-less-least小的-比較小的-最小的）。因此，這名打字員在打字方面就有相對的比較優(yōu)勢。

5. This principle is thebasisofspecializationinto trades and occupations.At the sametime, complete specialization may neveroccureven whenit is economically advantageous.Forstrategicor domesticreasons, a country may continue to producegoodsto which it does not have anadvantage. The benefits of specialization may alsobe affected bytransport costs: goods and raw materialshave tobe transposedaround theworldand the cost of the transportnarrowsthe limitsbetween whichit will prove profitable to trade. Anotherimpedimentto the free flow ofgoods between nationsis the possibleintroductionof artificial barriers to trade,such astariffs orquotas.

5、這個(gè)原則是實(shí)行貿(mào)易和職業(yè)專業(yè)分工的基礎(chǔ)（specialization n. 專門化；特殊化）。但是(At the same time同時(shí)；然而)，完全的專業(yè)分工可能永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)，即使從經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度來看時(shí)是有利的（advantageousadj.）。由于戰(zhàn)略和國內(nèi)的原因(For strategic or domestic reasons;strategic adj. 戰(zhàn)備的; domestic adj.國內(nèi)的)，一個(gè)國家可能仍然要生產(chǎn)它并不具有優(yōu)勢的產(chǎn)品（to which it does not have anadvantage是定語從句，修飾goods；本人認(rèn)為towhich = where，指在這個(gè)國家，僅供參考）。專業(yè)分工的好處也可能會(huì)受到運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用的影響（be affected by受到...的影響），因?yàn)橐?strong>在世界范圍內(nèi)(aroundthe world)進(jìn)行貨物和原料（rawmaterials）的運(yùn)輸，運(yùn)輸?shù)馁M(fèi)用使得貿(mào)易獲利的范圍縮小(narrow vt. 使變狹窄)，它將證明在運(yùn)輸中哪一種貿(mào)易是有利可圖的。國家之間貨物自由流通的另一個(gè)障礙（anotherimpediment）是可能采用人為的貿(mào)易壁壘(introductionof 引進(jìn)；引入；barrier to trade 貿(mào)易壁壘；artificial adj. 人造的)，例如關(guān)稅(tariffs)和配額(quotas)。

6. In addition tovisible trade，whichinvolves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is alsoinvisible trade,whichinvolves the exchange of services between nations.

6、除了有形貿(mào)易(即指商品和貨物的進(jìn)出口)以外，還有無形貿(mào)易。(inaddition to除...之外；)這是指國家之間服務(wù)的交換。（兩個(gè)which引導(dǎo)的從句是非限制性定語從句，第一個(gè)which指代visibletrade，第一個(gè)which指代invisible trade）

7. NationssuchasGreece and Norway havelargemaritime fleetsand provide transportation service. This isa kind ofinvisible trade.Whenan exporterarrangesshipment, herentsspace in the cargo compartment of a ship.

7、希臘、挪威等國擁有龐大的海運(yùn)船隊(duì)（maritime fleets）。提供運(yùn)輸服務(wù)，這是無形貿(mào)易的一種。當(dāng)一個(gè)出口商安排貨運(yùn)時(shí)，他就可以租用船只貨艙的艙位(cargo compartment 貨艙)。

8. The prudentexporter purchases insurance for his cargo’svoyage.Whileat sea, a cargoisvulnerabletomany dangers. Thus, insurance is another servicein which some nations specialize. Great Britain,because ofthe development ofLloyd’ of London, is aleadingexporterof this service,earningfees forinsuring other nations, foreign trade.

8、謹(jǐn)慎的(prudent)出口商為他的貨物運(yùn)輸購買保險(xiǎn)(purchasesinsurance)。在海上，貨物會(huì)遇到各種危險(xiǎn)(vulnerable to 易受...的侵害; vulnerableadj.易受攻擊的；易受傷害的)。所以一些國家專門從事保險(xiǎn)服務(wù)。由于倫敦勞埃德保險(xiǎn)公司的發(fā)展，英國(Great Britain)是這種服務(wù)的主要出口國，它為其他國家的對外貿(mào)易(foreign trade)承擔(dān)保險(xiǎn)而賺取費(fèi)用。(fee n. 費(fèi)用)

9. Some nationspossesslittlein the way ofexportablecommodities ormanufacturedgoods, but they havea mild and sunny climate.Duringthe winter,the Bahamas attract large numbers of touristswhospend money for hotelaccommodation, meals, taxis, and so on. Tourism, therefore, is another form ofinvisible trade.

9、有些國家沒有可供出口的初級(jí)產(chǎn)品或者制成品，但是這些國家風(fēng)和日麗、氣候宜人。在冬季，巴哈馬群島（the Bahamas）吸引著大量的旅游者，他們住旅館(accommodation n. 住處)、就餐、坐出租汽車等方面（andso on）都要花錢。因此，旅游業(yè)是無形貿(mào)易的另一種形式。

10.Invisible tradecan beasimportantto some nationsastheexport of raw materials or commodities istoothers. In both cases, the nationsearnmoneyto buy necessities.

10、無形貿(mào)易對一些國家來說，就像原料和商品的出口對其他國家來說，一樣重要。在這兩種情況下，這些國家都能賺到錢去購買他們所需要的商品。

來源:可可英語 http://www.ccdyzl.cn/zc/201407/313007.shtml