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1.Theneed foreffective public speaking will almostcertainly touch yousometime in your life. When it does, you want to be ready. But even ifyou never giveanotherspeechin your life, youstill have much to gain from studying public speaking. Your speech class willgiveyoutraininginresearching topics,organizing your ideas, andpresenting yourselfskillfully. The training is invaluable forevery type of communication.
1、在你生活的某個時刻，幾乎必定(almost certainly)需要做某種有影響力的(effective)公開演講。當這個時刻來到時，你希望自己十分有把握。但是，即便你在生活中從未發表過一個演講，你仍然會從學習公共演說中獲益良多(gain from)。你的演講課將會在研究主題、組織思路和表現技巧方面對你進行訓練。這種訓練對任何類型的交流都是非常寶貴的(invaluable)。
2. There are many similaritiesbetweenpublic speakinganddaily conversation. The three major goals of speaking-to inform,to persuade,to entertain-are also the three major goals of everydayconversation.In conversation, almostwithout thinking about it, you employ a wide range of skills. You organize your ideas logically. You tailor your messageto your audience. You tell a story for maximum impact. You adapt to feedback from your listener.Theseare among the most important skillsyou will need for public speaking.
2、在公開演講（publicspeaking）和日常交談(daily conversation)之間有許多類似的東西(similarity)。演說的三個主要目的是：傳達、說服、吸引，這些也是日常交談的三個主要目的。在交談中，你已經不假思索地使用(employ)很多技巧。你有條理地(logically)組織你的觀點，你根據聽眾修改信息（tailor to）。你選擇講述某個故事以取得最大的效果。你從聽眾的反饋(feedback)中改變自己（adapt to）。這些也是你在公開演講時所需要的最重要的技巧。(日常交流)
3. Of course, public speakingis also different fromconversation. First, public speaking ismore highlystructuredthan conversation. It usually imposes stricttime limitations on the speaker, and it requiresmore detailed preparation than dose ordinary conversation. Second, speechmaking requiresmore formal language. Listeners reactnegativelyto speechesloadedwith slang, jargon, and bad grammar.Third, public speaking demands a different method of delivery. Effective speakers adjust their voices to the largeraudience andwork atavoidingdistracting physicalmannerism and verbal habits.
3、當然，公開演說不同于交談。首先，公開演講比交談要有更高的組織結構性(more highly structured)。公開演說者通常受嚴格的時間限制(strict time limitations)，因此它需要比普通交談更細致的準備(more detailed preparation)。其次，公開演說需要使用更正式的語言（more formal language）。聽眾對充滿(loaded with)俚語、行話、和語法錯誤的講話反應消極(react negatively to)。第三，公開演說需要用一種不同聲調和姿勢(delivery)。有影響力的(effective)演說者調整(adjust to)他的聲調去面對大量的觀眾，力求(work at )避免分散人注意力的身體習慣動作(physical mannerism)，力求避免習慣性口頭語(verbal habit)。(公共講演)
4. One of the major concerns of studentsin any speech classis stage fright. Actually, most successful speakers arenervousbeforemaking a speech. Your speech class willgive you an opportunityto gainconfidence andmakeyour nervousness workforyourather thanagainstyou. You willtake a big steptowardovercomingstagefrightifyou think positively, choose speech topicsyou reallycare about, prepare thoroughly, and concentrate on communicatingwith your audience. Like many students over the years, youtoo candevelop confidenceinyour speechmaking abilities.
4、在任何一個演講教室里，學生最主要的擔心之一就是怕上臺(stage fright 怯場)。事實上，最成功的演說家在發表一場演講之前也會緊張。你的演講教室將給你一個獲得信心的機會，讓你的緊張的神經幫助你而不是阻礙你（make your nervousness workfor you rather than against you）。如果你能這樣積極地(positively)考慮，你將會朝著戰勝怯場的方向(toward overcoming stagefright)邁進一大步：選擇你真正關心的演講主題，充分地(thoroughly)準備，集中精力與你的聽眾溝通。如同過去的(over the years)許多同學一樣，你同樣能夠在你的演講能力上提高信心(developconfidence)。
5.Thespeech communication process as a whole includesseven elements-speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation. The speaker is the personwhoinitiates a speechtransaction. Whateverthespeakercommunicates is themessage, which is sent by means of a particularchannel. The listener receivesthe communicated messageand may providefeedback to the speaker. Interference isanythingthatimpedes thecommunication of a message, and the situation is the time and placein whichspeechcommunication occurs. The interaction of theseseven elements is what determinesthe outcome in anyinstance of speech communication.
5、語言交流的過程，整體而言(as a whole)包括七個要素：演說者、信息、溝通途徑、聽眾、反饋、外界干擾(interference)、和現場形態(situation)。演說者是演講事件(transaction)的開始者。演說者傳遞的是信息，它必經某種特定溝通途徑(by means ofa particular channel)傳送出去。聽眾接受傳達到的信息，并且向演說者提供反饋。外界干擾是妨礙(impede)信息溝通的任何事物，而現場形態是演說發生的時間和地點。這七個要素的相互作用(interaction)決定了任何情況下演說交流的效果（outcome）。
6. Because speechmaking is a form ofpower, itcarries withitheavy ethical responsibilities. Ethical speakers usesound meansto achieve sound goals. They dothisbybeingwell-informedabouttheir subjectsby beinghonest inwhatthey say,by usingsound evidence, andby employing valid reasoning.
6、因為演講是力量的一種表現形態，它承載著(carry with it)很重的道德責任(heavy ethical responsibility)。有道德的演說者用聲音的方式去實現聲音的目的。他們通過很好闡述(informe about)他們的主題、通過誠實于他們所說的話、通過使用可靠的(sound)論據、以及通過正確的評論去做這件事（do this）。
daily conversation;everyday conversation; ordinary conversation; public speaking; speechmaking tailor to; adapt to;react to; adjust to
