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Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.
現(xiàn)在來聽一段有關(guān)你剛剛讀到的話題的演講。
Unfortunately, the arguments of the reading passage are a little out of date.
不幸的是，閱讀文章里的觀點(diǎn)有些過時(shí)了。
Scientists now have new information that shows that none of the ideas the reading passage discusses could account for the Little Ice Age.
科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在有新的信息能證明，閱讀文章里討論的觀點(diǎn)沒有一個(gè)能解釋小冰河期。
First, about the Gulf Stream.
首先，關(guān)于墨西哥灣流。
Scientists now know that disrupting the Gulf Stream would cause cooling only in Europe and North America,
科學(xué)家們現(xiàn)在知道，阻斷墨西哥灣流只能引起歐洲和北美變冷，
but the Little Ice Age also affected the Southern hemisphere, in places like New Zealand and Southern Africa for example.
但是小冰河期還能影響南半球，像新西蘭和南非這些地方。
Since the disruption of the Gulf Stream cannot explain why these southern areas became colder, it cannot explain the Little Ice Age.
因?yàn)槟鞲鐬沉鞯闹袛嗖荒芙忉屵@些南部地區(qū)的變冷，它也不能解釋小冰河期。
Second. the volcanoes theory.
第二，火山理論。
1t's true that if volcanic eruptions put enough dust into the atmosphere, the result can be a cooler climate.
誠然，如果火山爆發(fā)釋放出足夠多的塵土到大氣層，會使氣候變冷。
But large amounts of volcanic dust in the atmosphere would have also produced striking visual effect that people would have noticed at the time.
但是，同時(shí)大氣層中大量的火山塵也會產(chǎn)生驚人的視覺效果，人們會注意到。
For example. Dramatically colorful Sunsets or snow being grey or brown instead of white.
就好比，戲劇化多彩的日落，又或者是雪變成了灰色或者棕色而不是白色。
But there are almost no reports of anything like that routinely happening during the Little Ice Age.
但是，在小冰河期，幾乎沒有任何相關(guān)的常規(guī)報(bào)道。
So it seems that the volcanic eruptions during that period were simply not strong enough to release the large amounts of dust needed to lower global temperatures.
所以，似乎那個(gè)時(shí)期的火山爆發(fā)不夠猛烈，不能釋放出降低全球氣溫所需要的大量塵土。
Third, about forests on farmland stopping the warming greenhouse effect by removing carbon dioxide.
第三，關(guān)于耕地上的森林通過去除二氧化碳阻止了氣候變暖的溫室效應(yīng)。
There just was not enough time for this effect to work.
時(shí)間還不夠引起這一效應(yīng)的產(chǎn)生。
The human population grew back to previous levels fairly quickly,
人口增長回到以前的水平相當(dāng)快，
which meant that forests were soon being cut down again to clear fields for the crops needed to feed the growing population.
這意味著，森林將很快被再次砍伐以清出土地給增長的人口所需的農(nóng)作物。
As a result, we know that the forests mentioned in the reading passage were not there long enough to cause the long—term global cooling of the climate.
因此，我們知道，閱讀文章中所提到的森林，存在的時(shí)間還不夠長，不足以引起全球氣候變冷這個(gè)長期效應(yīng)。
