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layer
n.層；地層 v.分層堆積
The Earth's crust is thought to be divided into huge, movable segments, called plates, which float on a soft plastic layer of rock.
地殼分裂成為巨大可移動的板塊，板塊在柔軟的巖石可塑層中漂移。
insects-insect
n.昆蟲
Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects, flowers, or fruit,
對于小型昆蟲而言，它們更容易攀爬到小枝小葉中尋找食物，花朵或水果，
but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich twigs.
但在爭奪食物中，小型哺乳動物并不是大個子的對手，它們可在茂盛枝葉中捕捉食物。
ability
n.能力；才能
Ekman argued that the ability to accurately recognize the emotional content of facial expressions was valuable for human beings.
埃克曼認為，準確捕捉臉部情感信息對人類極為珍貴。
generally
adv.通常，普遍地，逐漸地；一般來說
Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra.
林木線以上區域通常被叫作高山凍原。
applied-apply
vi.使用；適用于vt.使用
application
n.申請(表，書)
To demonstrate that an understanding of stability in ecosystems can be applied to help understand stability in other situations
通過了解生態系統穩定，人類可以了解其它系統的穩定情況。
transportation
n.運輸
transport
v.傳送，運輸
Transportation networks began to decline.
交通網開始減少。
methods-method
n.方法；秩序
The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time.
新商業方法包括更嚴格的時間觀念。
manufacturing-manufacture
vt./ n.(大量)制造
manufacturers-manufacturer
n.制造商
After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers.
1815年之后，老式制造業開始被機械化工廠替代，工廠工人無需技能，或半熟練技能。
contributed-contribute
v.有助于
contributions-contribution
n.貢獻
Even living things contribute to the formation of landscapes.
甚至連生物都會促進景觀形成。
quality
n.品質，特質
They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.
比起生產速度，他們更注重生產質量。
marine
adj.海的；航海的；海產的
submarine
n.海底生物
Microscopic organisms settle to the seafloor and accumulate in marine mud.
微觀有機物沉積在海底，在海泥中不斷累積。
mammals-mammal
n.哺乳動物
The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines.
熱帶雨林上層被稱之為“華蓋”，它也是大量中型爬行動物棲息地，包括猴子、貓科以及豪豬。
established-establish
v.建立，制定
establishment
n.確立；設施
Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire.
一旦橡樹建成，輕度干旱，甚至是大火還是可以抵御的。
extinction
n.消失
extinct
adj.滅絕的
This break in Earth's history is marked by a mass extinction, when as many as half the species on the planet became extinct.
在地球歷史上，曾出現過大規模滅絕期，達一半物種滅絕。
complex
adj.復雜的，合成的n.復合物，綜合體
complexity
n.復雜；復雜性
Besides cave paintings, Upper Paleolithic people produced several other kinds of artwork, one of which has been thought to provide evidence of complex thought.
除了洞穴繪畫，在舊石器時代晚期，人們還制作了大量其它藝術品，其中更是為復合思維提供證據。
climate
n.氣候
climatic
adj.氣候上的
A fundamental difference between Whigs and Democrats involved the importance of the market in society.
“共民”兩黨的最主要區別就是市場的重要性區別。
relatively
adv.相當地；比較而言
relative
adj.相對的，有關系的
To suggest that wind turbines result in relatively few bird deaths
風力渦輪機的鳥死亡率很低
