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In modern day, anthropology is a recognized social science with two broad fields and several branches or subfields.
在現(xiàn)代，人類學(xué)是一門公認(rèn)的社會(huì)科學(xué)，有兩大領(lǐng)域和幾個(gè)分支（即子領(lǐng)域）。
Okay. First, what are the two broad fields?
首先，兩大領(lǐng)域是什么？
They are physical anthropology and cultural anthropology.
它們是體質(zhì)人類學(xué)和文化人類學(xué)。
Let me give you a brief description of each.
讓我給大家分別簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下。
Physical anthropology is concerned with the development of man as a mammal.
體質(zhì)人類學(xué)研究的是人類作為哺乳動(dòng)物的發(fā)展過(guò)程。
Related subjects are anatomy, biology and paleontology.
相關(guān)學(xué)科有解剖學(xué)、生物學(xué)和古生物學(xué)。
Physical anthropologists study the evolution of the human species.
體質(zhì)人類學(xué)家研究人類物種的進(jìn)化。
One way they do this is by examining the fossils of what were once living creatures and living primates.
體質(zhì)人類學(xué)的研究方式之一是對(duì)一些曾經(jīng)有生命的生物或靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物的化石進(jìn)行研究。
Those include human beings. Common fossils are shells, bones and molds and imprints.
其中包括人類。常見的化石有貝殼、骨骼、霉菌和印痕。
These are found buried in the earth or permanently frozen in glaciers.
它們被發(fā)現(xiàn)埋在地下或永久凍結(jié)在冰川中。
Living primates are analyzed in order to study the mechanics of evolution and genetic differences among human populations.
為了研究人類種群的進(jìn)化機(jī)制和遺傳差異，對(duì)現(xiàn)存的靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物進(jìn)行了分析。
Ok. Next, let's talk about cultural anthropology.
好的。接下來(lái)，我們來(lái)談?wù)勎幕祟悓W(xué)。
This field is the study of learned behavior in human societies.
這個(gè)領(lǐng)域是對(duì)人類社會(huì)中習(xí)得行為的研究。
Most cultural anthropologists will limit themselves to a few geographic areas, for example, Margaret Mead in Samoa and New Guinea, and Clyde Kluckhohn, with the Navajo Indians in the southwestern United States.
大多數(shù)文化人類學(xué)家會(huì)把自己限制在幾個(gè)地理區(qū)域，例如瑪格麗特·米德研究薩摩亞和新幾內(nèi)亞，克萊德·克魯克霍恩研究美國(guó)西南部的納瓦霍印第安人。
I should mention that Kluckhohn's work, which is Mirror for Man, is considered one of the best introductions to anthropology.
值得一提的是，克魯克霍恩的著作《人類的鏡子》被認(rèn)為是最好的人類學(xué)介紹性著作之一。
Cultural anthropology and the scientific study of human culture will be discussed in more detail in our next lecture.
我們會(huì)在下一講中更詳細(xì)地討論文化人類學(xué)和人類文化的科學(xué)研究。
Today we just take a brief look at the subfields of cultural anthropology.
今天，我們只是簡(jiǎn)單地介紹一下文化人類學(xué)的分支。
They are archaeology, linguistics, and ethnography.
它們是考古學(xué)、語(yǔ)言學(xué)和人種學(xué)。
So, what is archaeology? It is the study of different cultures through material sources, through historical objects that still remain today rather than direct interviews or observations of the group under study.
什么是考古學(xué)？考古學(xué)是通過(guò)物質(zhì)來(lái)源，通過(guò)至今仍然保留的歷史物品來(lái)研究不同的文化，而不是直接采訪或觀察所研究的群體。
One famous example of archaeological study is King Tut's Tomb near Luxor, Egypt, which was discovered in 1922.
考古研究的一個(gè)著名例子是1922年在埃及盧克索附近發(fā)現(xiàn)的圖坦卡蒙法老墓。
Another subfield of cultural anthropology is linguistics, as I said just now.
正如我剛才所提到的，文化人類學(xué)的另一個(gè)分支是語(yǔ)言學(xué)。
As you probably know, linguistics is the study of language as communication among humans.
你可能已經(jīng)知道，語(yǔ)言學(xué)是以人類交流語(yǔ)言為研究對(duì)象的學(xué)科。
Culture is learned and transmitted primarily through language.
文化主要是通過(guò)語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)和傳播的。
