77.The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for nonconformists. The Tories were traditionalists who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the church of England.輝格黨人是指哪些反對絕對主權(quán)，支持新教徒宗教自由權(quán)利的人，托利黨人是指那些支持世襲王權(quán)的人。

78. During the late 19th and early 19th centuries the open-field system ended when the Enclosure acts enabled weal their landowner to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title.
18世紀(jì)末，19世紀(jì)初，《圈地法》地頒布使較富有的土地主攝取佃農(nóng)不能證明合法的土地，因此“開放田地”結(jié)束。

79.The industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry and the consequent change in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
工業(yè)革命指17世紀(jì)末，18世紀(jì)初英國工業(yè)的機(jī)械化，以及因此而導(dǎo)致的社會結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。

80.The limited monarchy which resulted from the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence on Government policy.
君主權(quán)利的限制，使得強(qiáng)大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益集團(tuán)能對議會政策施加影響。

81．The first steam engine was devised by Thomas newcomer at the end of 17th century, and the Scottish inventor james watt modified and improved the design in 1765.
十七世紀(jì)末，托馬斯。紐卡墨設(shè)計(jì)了第一臺蒸氣機(jī)，蘇格蘭發(fā)明家詹姆斯。華特修改并改良了設(shè)計(jì)方案（1765）。

82．As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world".
作為工業(yè)革命的結(jié)果，英國到1830年止成為“世界工場”。