Chapter 2

The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)

英國的起源（公元前5000年—1066年）

I.Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克爾特人的到來和定居

Celts were practiced famers. The drained much of marshlands and built houses of wood.They wre ironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celts languages, are the basis of the language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德魯伊教). 克爾特人是有經驗的農民，他們排干沼澤地，用木材建造房屋。他們還打造鐵器。蘇格蘭和威爾士語就是以他們的語言為基礎發展而來的。

1 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.

約公元前700年，克爾特人來到不列顛島。

2The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.

克爾特人來到不列顛有三次高潮。

The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.

第一次高潮是約公元前600年蓋爾人的來臨。

The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.

第二次高潮是約公元前400年布列吞人的抵達。

The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.

第三次是約公元前150年比利其人的到達。

II. Roman Invasion 羅馬征服

Between 55 and 54 B.C., Julius Casesar invaded British twice. But it was only nominal conquest for 96 years. The real conquest began in 43 A.D. and lasted for almost 350 years.

公元前55到公元前54年，凱撒大帝兩次征服，但只是96年名義上的占領。真正的征服開始于公元43年，并持續了350年。

The Romans never did succeed in subduing all of Britain. One of the greatest achievements of the Roman Empire was its system of roads. The influence of Roman thought survived in Britain only through the Church. Romanization was not successful in other areas like language and culture.

羅馬征服并沒有真正的征服英吉利，但羅馬人帶去了先進的技術，尤其是公路系統。羅馬人在語言和文化上都沒能征服當地人，只有他們的宗教例外。許多羅馬教堂拔地而起。

III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) 盎格魯—撒克遜人

1. Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.

盎格魯—薩克遜時代（奠定了英國的基礎）

In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.

五世紀中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼（條頓）部落。

①The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449.

②Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century.

③In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.

居住在日德蘭半島（現丹麥南部）上從事打漁農耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。一個朱特人首領于449年當上了國王。后來從德國北部來的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國，統治期從五世紀末至六世紀初。

六世紀后半葉，同樣來自德國北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來定居，同時把他們的族名加諸在英國人夠上。這七個主要王國（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東英吉利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞），合稱為七王國。

2．The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.

最早的盎格魯—撒克遜人改信基督教。

The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew's Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen (異教的) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.

盎格魯—撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的院長圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教。在使國王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北方修道們的傳教活動。

3．The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of the English nation)

早期盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國做出的貢獻。

The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they

①divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field

②farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also

③established the manorial system(莊園制). Finally, they

④created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen）to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.

盎格魯—撒克遜人構筑了英國的國家基礎。首先，他們把國家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長官負責執法。其次，他們設計的窄條三區輪作制延用至18世紀。此外，他們還建立了領地制。最后，他們還創立了咨議會(賢人會議)，向國王提供建議，這就成為了今天尚存的樞密院的前身。

IV．Viking and Danish invasions 北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵

1．The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially between 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.

入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從8世紀末開始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個地方。9世紀，尤其是公元835-878年間已成為嚴重問題。他們甚至占領了約克郡，公元867年時的基督教中心。到9世紀中葉，北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國的安全。

2．King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions

艾爾弗雷德國王（849-899）和他所做出的貢獻

Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.

He ①founded a strong fleet and is known as " the father of the British navy".

He ②reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient.

He ③translated a Latin book into English.

He also ④established schools and

⑤formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title "Alfred the Great."

阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國王。他打敗了丹麥人，并于公元879年與他們達成了友好協議。協議規定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區），而他統治其他地區。他還勸服一些丹麥首領成為基督教徒。

他因為建立了強大艦隊，而以“英國海軍之父”聞名于世。他改組了“弗立德”（撒克遜軍隊），使之更為高效。他將一本拉丁語的書翻譯成英語。同時他還建立了學校，并且闡明了法律制度。所有這一切使他當之無愧于“阿爾弗雷德大王。”的稱號。

V．The Norman Conquest (1066)諾曼征服

1．Reasons for William's invasion of England after Edward's death.

威廉在愛德華死后入侵英國的原因。

It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.

據說，愛德華國王曾答應把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉，但是賢人會議挑選了哈羅德為國王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中，威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊，同時哈羅德也在此戰爭中戰死。在圣誕節加冕，成為英國國王，從此開始了諾曼征服。

2．The Norman Conquest and its consequences

諾曼征服及其產生的影響。

The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps

①the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror

②confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with

③a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.

④Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended.

⑤Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced.

⑥The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.

1066年的諾曼征服也許是英國歷史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉幾乎沒收了所有土地，將其分發給他的諾曼追隨者。他用強有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。于是，封建制度在英國完全建立。開放了與歐洲大陸的關系，文明和商業得到發展，引進了諾曼—法蘭西文化、語言、行為規范和建筑藝術。教會與羅馬的聯系更為密切，教會法庭與民事法庭分離。

3．The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.

英國是一個集不同民族于一體的國家。許多英國人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。而還有一些英國人的是諾曼血統。