Participles 分詞

分詞(過分和現(xiàn)分)兼有v.和adj.的特征，可帶賓(現(xiàn)分)或狀語構(gòu)成分詞短語

When visiting Beijing, he went to the Great Wall.

It is an interesting story.

現(xiàn)分與過分詞的區(qū)別

A. 語態(tài)不同?，F(xiàn)分表示主動的意思，過分多由及物v.變來，常表被動的意義。

surprising （令人驚訝的—主動) surprised （感到吃驚的—被動）

More Examples

an exciting story

the exploiting classes（剝削階級）

a moving film（感人的）

a tiring journey

excited spectators

the exploited classes（被剝削階級）

a moved audience（被感動的）

a tired football player

有些過分由不及物動詞變來，只表示一個動作已完成；無被動意義.

fallen leaves, the exploded bomb, a retired miner, escaped prisoners, the risen sun.

B. 時間關(guān)系不同?，F(xiàn)分表示的動作正在進行，而過分表示的往往已完成。

the changing world----the changed world

boiling water----boiled water

developing countries----developed countries

分詞的語法功能

1) 作表語

The situation is discouraging.

She felt discouraged at the words.

現(xiàn)分作表語有主動的含義，它表示主語的性質(zhì)或特征;

過分作表語有被動的含義，它表示主語所處狀態(tài)或具有的情感

2) 作定語

I'm reading a very attracting book.

He likes to drink cold boiled water.

一般，分詞作前置定語泛指一般情況

Eg. An excited child is not easy to control.

分詞作后置定語時，是特指某一特定情況下的特點，具有特殊含義。Eg. The child excited by the gift was brought under control.

There's a broken window in their classroom.

The window broken yesterday will have to be paid for.

She said she would never get married, because she didn't want to spend her life surrounded by screaming children.

The child screaming there is his son.

3)作賓語的補足語

分詞作賓語的補足語只用于下列結(jié)構(gòu)：

(1)當(dāng)v.為表示感覺或心理狀態(tài)時，這些v.包括

see, hear, feel, watch, notice, smell, find, think, observe, listen to, catch, leave, start, set

Examples

a. I saw a girl standing by the goldfish pond.

b. He felt his eyes dazzled by the bright light.

c. I found him drinking my mineral water.

d. Everyone thought the battle lost.

e. Have you ever heard a nightingale singing?

(2) 當(dāng)v.為make, get, have, keep等表示“致使、使得”含義時：

a. I have my hair cut every ten days.

b. He got his bad tooth pulled out.

c. She's going to have her clothes altered.

(3) 在have+賓+p.p.結(jié)構(gòu)中，have 有三種不同含義。

a. We had the problem solved. (意為“致使”有意的行為)

b. He had his arms broken in an accident. (意為“遭受”，表示無意行為)

c. I have no money left. (have有)

(4) 當(dāng)v.為like, want, wish, order等表示希望要求命令等意義時

a. He wanted his eggs fried.

b. He won't like such questions discussed at the meeting.

c. The boss ordered all the errors corrected.

與不定式作賓補的區(qū)別

注：有些動詞如see, feel, notice, watch即可跟現(xiàn)分也可跟不定式作賓補，區(qū)別在于：現(xiàn)在分詞著重說明動作正在發(fā)生，不定式說明動作的全過程。

I saw the boys climbing the wall. (在爬)

I saw the boys climb the wall. (爬了)

4) 作狀語

(1) 作時間或原因狀語，常位于句前

a. Arriving at the station, he found a crowd of people waiting there.

b. Inspired by the excellent situation, the workers worked even harder.

(2) 表示讓步或條件

a. Heating water, you can change it into steam.

b. Though beaten by another football team, the players of GuoAn did not lose confidence.

省略

在上述兩種情況下，分詞所做的狀語可以相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。此時可在分詞前加一個引導(dǎo)詞如when, if, though, unless, before, after等 ，這就構(gòu)成了省略。

Arriving at the station, he found a crowd of people waiting there.

= When he arrived at the station, he……

= When arriving at the station, he……

More Examples

Inspired by the excellent situation, the workers worked even harder.

= After/Because they were inspired by ……

= After/Because inspired by ……

Heating water, you can change it into steam.

= If you heat water, you can ……

= If heating water, you can……

Though beaten by another football team, the players of GuoAn did not lose confidence.

= Though they were beaten by ……

(3) 表方式、結(jié)果及伴隨狀況。(不能用相當(dāng)?shù)臓顝奶娲?

a. Laughing and talking, the students went out from the cinema.

b. He came running back to tell us the news.

c. She stood there waiting for the bus.

d. The bandits fled into the mountains, pursued by the policemen. 匪徒向山里逃竄，警察在后面追捕著。

分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)

分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)：一般分詞作狀語時，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)是句子的主語，但有時分詞的邏輯主語是其它的名/ 代詞，n. / pron. +分詞的結(jié)構(gòu)就是獨立（主格）結(jié)構(gòu)。

A new technique ____, the yields as a whole increased by 20%. (90.1 CET-4)

Answer: having been worked out.

分詞獨立結(jié)構(gòu)的功能

1）它在句中作狀語，表示謂語動作的時間，原因伴隨情況，方式方法條件等

a. The question being settled, we signed the contract.

b. It being sunny, we went out for a walk.

c. The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their march.

d. Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.

(分詞)獨立結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成

（1）名/ 代+ 分詞：

a. They walked in the garden, little birds singing happily in the tree.

b. The old man was sitting at the table, the newspaper spread before him.

c. It being rainy, they had to call off their trip.

（2）省去being或分詞 后，由n. / pron.+adj. / adv. / 介詞短語構(gòu)成。

He entered the room, his nose （being）red with cold.

The meal （being）over, he went to his office again.

He stood in doorway, a hat （held）in his hand.

Club (held/being) in hand, the policeman ran after the thief.

（3）with / without 引導(dǎo)的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)，有時有分詞，有時無分詞，但可看作省略了分詞being.

She left the room with the candle burning on the table.

He wandered in without shoes or socks on.

分詞的否定結(jié)構(gòu)

否定：not + 分詞

a. Not knowing what to do, she went to the professor for help.

b. I left at noon, not staying for lunch.

分詞的時態(tài)

(1) 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示與謂語動詞的動作同時或相繼發(fā)生。

a. Working together with Dr. White, we learnt a lot from him.

b. Knowing that they were going to the factory next week, the students began to make preparations.

c. He came up to me, saying “Glad to see you again”.

(2) 現(xiàn)分的完成式，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語之前，常用作狀語表時間或原因。

a. Having watered the vegetables, the women took a short rest.

b. Not having done it right, I tried again.

c. Having finished his homework, the schoolboy began to play video games.

分詞的語態(tài)

(3) 現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)：being done. 表示某一被動動作在講話時正在發(fā)生，或與謂語動作同時發(fā)生。having been done表示動作發(fā)生在謂語之前。常用作狀語表時間或原因。

a. Who is the patient being operated on?

b. You will find the matter being talked about all over the town.

c. Having been told that some guests were coming, they got the rooms ready.

例句：

1）選擇正確的職業(yè)對一個人來說非常關(guān)鍵。

Choosing a right career is vital to a person.

2）戒煙十分必要因為吸煙有害健康。

Giving up smoking / getting rid of smoking is very necessary because smoking is harmful to health.

3）培養(yǎng)良好的生活習(xí)慣對于一個孩子的成長至關(guān)重要。

Developing / cultivating good living habits is critical for a child's development / growth.

4）守時是一個好的品德。

Being punctual is a good quality / virtue.

5）熱愛祖國是每個公民的義務(wù)/責(zé)任。

Loving the motherland is every citizen's duty / responsibility.

6）住在鄉(xiāng)村比住在城市更好。

Living in the country / countryside is better than / preferable to living in the city.

7）住在城市比住在農(nóng)村更方便。

Living in the city is more convenient than living in the country.

8）擁有私車也會帶來/導(dǎo)致一些問題。

Owning a private car will also bring about / lead to some problems.

9）婚后和父母同住會有許多不便。

Living with parents after getting married may give rise to / result in / lead to / bring about many inconveniences.

10）學(xué)好英語不是一件容易的事。

Learning English well is no easy job.

11) 我們可以從參加社會活動中受益。

We can benefit greatly from taking part in social activities.

12）代溝通常是因不能彼此理解而造成的。

Generally speaking, generation gaps are resulted from not being able to understand each other.