Gerund 動名詞，非謂語動詞

英語中，不作句子的謂語，而是用于擔任其它語法功能的v ，叫非謂語動詞，它不受主語人稱、數等因素的限定，又被稱作非限定動詞。

三大非謂語動詞： 動名詞， 分詞和不定式。

動名詞的語法功能

1. 作主語

Seeing is believing.

Listening to music is one of my hobbies.

Studying abroad has many advantages.

Getting to know the world is what the future society requires of us.

習慣用法

A. It is no use / good/harm+Ving. It is no use quarreling with her. It's no use crying over the spilt milk.

B. There is no+Ving. There is no denying (the fact) that women are playing an important role in the world today.

There is no joking about this matter. 這事開不得玩笑。

2. 作表語

My favorite pastime is collecting stamps.

Her hobby is swimming and cycling.

One of the good virtues of a young person is being punctual.

My job is teaching.

One of the most difficult tasks you may encounter is learning a foreign language.

3. 作動詞賓語

She enjoys listening to rock music.

We appreciate your offering to help.

We must avoid making such mistakes again.

People who like travelling have their reasons.

跟動名詞作賓語的v.及v. phrase

常見的能跟動名詞作賓語的v.及v. phrase:

admit, appreciate, avoid, confess to, consider, delay, deny, endure(忍耐), enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy(想象), finish, forbid, imagine, mind, miss, permit, postpone, practice,

risk, can't help, feel like, give up, keep out, object to (反對), oppose, put off(推遲).

注意：動名詞作賓語后面帶有補語，一般不用形式賓語it。但當賓補是一些帶有“有用、明智、值得”等含義的adj時，通常要用it作形賓，而將作賓語的g.放到補語后面。

4. 作介詞賓語

Never put off doing what should be done today till tomorrow.

Have you got used to working on the night shift? (上夜班)

Children are fond of reading fairy tales.

Phrases: get/be used/accustomed to, be fond of, look forward to, long for, dream of, approve/disapprove of, insist on, persist in, accuse sb. of, charge sb. with, be keen on, be

absorbed in, concentrate on, put off, prevent…from...

習慣用法

1) There is no point in doing sth.

做某事沒有意義。

There isn't much point (in) repairing that old car again.

2) There is no gain in doing sth.

做某事沒有好處。

There is no gain in being cruel/rude to people.

省掉介詞

注：某些習慣用法中常省掉介詞

He is busy (in) preparing a report.

They spent a lot of time (in) making preparations.

We had great difficulty (in) finding his house.

More Phrases

have a good time doing, have a hard time doing, have trouble doing, have difficulty doing, have fun doing, be busy doing, spend time doing…

I am having great trouble catching up with my fellow students in English.

動名詞的邏輯主語

如動名詞動作的發出者不是謂語動作的主語，則需有自己的邏輯主語。

兩種形式：

1)人稱代詞所有格+動名詞

He insisted on my going with him to the party.

2)名詞所有格+動名詞

She dislikes her husband's coming back home late.

More Information（1）

a. 人稱代詞所有格+動名詞Compare: Tom insisted on going with them. Tom insisted on my going with them.

b. 名詞所有格+動名詞Compare: He hates working late. He hates his wife's working late.

More Information（2）

若動名詞的邏輯主語與句子主語相同，則不應再有主語。

She regrets____idle when young.

a. to have been b. her being c. her having d. having been

Key: d

動名詞和不定式作賓語的差異

1) 有些動詞可帶動名詞， 也可帶to do作賓語，差異不大。一般說來，作賓語的動名詞更重一般情況，不定式則強調具體情況。

I like reading novels but I don't like to read this novel.

I like swimming — I like to (go to) swim.

動名詞和不定式作賓語的差異

2）而有些動詞帶g.和帶to do時意義差別較大。

More Comparison

try to do

need to do(需要做某事) I need you to help me.

want to do(想做)

used to do (過去常做)

try doing

need doing (被動)需要 My coat needs mending.

want doing = need doing

be used to doing （習慣于）

動名詞的時態

完成式: 表明動名詞動作在謂語動作前發生, 使用having done

He was praised for having made a great contribution to his country.

His having been elected chairman of the club surprised us greatly.

The picture reminded us of having been taken to the zoo.

動名詞的語態

被動式:表明動名詞的邏輯主語是該動作的承受者

He did it without being asked.

They insisted on being given the task.

The boy was criticized for being late.

Being taken advantage of is not a good thing.