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Artificial sweeteners not recommended for weight loss, says WHO
人工甜味劑無助于減肥，長期攝入或增加健康風險
On Monday, the World Health Organization released new guidelines warning the public not to use non-sugar sweeteners for weight loss, revealing that it may actually do more harm to the body than good.
5月15日，世界衛生組織最新發布的一份指南提醒公眾，不要借助非糖甜味劑減肥，這一表態意味著非糖甜味劑對身體健康或弊大于利。
New findings showed that artificial sweeteners — like aspartame, a sugar substitute found in Diet Coke — don’t do much to reduce your waistline. In fact, long-term use of these fake sugars could even potentially increase the risk for Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults, WHO said.
新的研究結果顯示，添加在無糖可樂中的阿斯巴甜等人工甜味劑，對減肥沒有任何效果。世衛組織稱，長期使用非糖甜味劑可能增加成人患2型糖尿病、心血管疾病患病率和死亡的風險。
“Replacing free sugars with NSS (non-sugar sweeteners) does not help with weight control in the long term,” said Francesco Branca, WHO’s director of the department of nutrition for health and development, in a statement.
世衛組織營養促進健康和發展司司長弗朗切斯科·布蘭卡說：“從長遠來看，用非糖甜味劑代替游離糖無助于控制體重。”
According to WHO, some of the most common non-sugar sweeteners include “acesulfame K, aspartame, advantame, cyclamates, neotame, saccharin, sucralose, stevia and stevia derivatives.”
根據世衛組織，最常見的非糖甜味劑包括"安賽蜜、阿斯巴甜、安美、甜蜜素、紐甜、糖精、三氯蔗糖、甜菊和甜菊衍生物"。
Branca advised that people should instead try to focus on eating foods with natural sugar, like fruit.
布蘭卡建議人們主要攝入水果等含天然糖分的食物。
“People need to consider other ways to reduce free sugars intake, such as consuming food with naturally occurring sugars, like fruit, or unsweetened food and beverage,” he continued. “NSS (non-sugar sweeteners) are not essential dietary factors and have no nutritional value. People should reduce the sweetness of the diet altogether, starting early in life, to improve their health.”
“人們需要考慮其他方法來減少游離糖的攝入量，例如食用含有天然糖分的食物，如水果，或不加糖的食物和飲料，”他繼續說道。 “NSS（非糖甜味劑）不是必需的飲食因素，也沒有營養價值。人們應該從生命的早期開始完全減少飲食中的甜味，以改善他們的健康。”
WHO noted that these new guidelines are applicable to everyone except for those who have preexisting diabetes.
世衛組織指出，該指南適用于除糖尿病患者以外的所有人。
The review was compiled through 283 studies, according to CNN, but some of them were observational, which means that they just show an association.
據CNN報道，這項審查是通過283項研究匯編而成的，但其中一些是觀察性的，這意味著它們只是顯示了一種關聯。
The new guidelines include a wide array of non-sugar sweeteners, too — including ones that are naturally occurring.
新指南也包括范圍廣泛的非糖甜味劑——包括那些天然存在的甜味劑。
However, a statement put out by the Calorie Control Council, which is an “international association representing the low and reduced-calorie food and beverage industry,” maintained that these artificial sweeteners were still safe for consumption.
然而，卡路里控制委員會，即 "代表低卡路里和減卡路里食品和飲料行業的國際協會"，發布的一份聲明堅持認為這些人工甜味劑仍然可以安全食用。
?“A substantial body of evidence shows that low- and no-calorie sweeteners provide effective and safe options to reduce sugar and calorie consumption,” said Robert Rankin, president of the Calorie Control Council. “This is supported by rigorous reviews of this evidence by the world’s most highly regarded health and regulatory agencies, who have validated the role of these ingredients.
"大量證據表明，低熱量和無熱量甜味劑為減少糖和熱量消耗提供了有效和安全的選擇，"熱量控制委員會主席羅伯特·蘭金說。"世界上最受重視的健康和監管機構對這一證據的嚴格審查支持了這一點，他們已經驗證了這些成分的作用。
“Along with exercise and a healthy diet low- and no-calorie sweeteners are a critical tool that can help consumers manage body weight and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases.”
"伴隨著鍛煉和健康飲食，低熱量和無熱量甜味劑是一個關鍵的工具，可以幫助消費者控制體重和減少非傳染性疾病的風險"。
The International Sweeteners Association also pushed back on the new guidelines in an emailed statement to The Post.
國際甜味劑協會也在給《紐約郵報》的一份電子郵件聲明中對新指南進行了反駁。
“There has been an overwhelming amount of scientific literature supporting low/no calorie sweeteners’ utility for weight management, including the WHO-commissioned systematic review itself,” the organization stated.
該組織表示：“有大量科學文獻支持低熱量/無熱量甜味劑對體重管理的效用，包括世衛組織委托進行的系統審查本身。”
“The International Sweeteners Association believes it is a disservice to not recognize the public health benefits of low/no calorie sweeteners and is disappointed that the WHO’s conclusions are largely based on low certainty evidence from observational studies, which are at high risk of reverse causality.”
國際甜味劑協會認為，不承認低熱量/無熱量甜味劑對公共健康的益處是一種傷害，并對世衛組織的結論主要基于觀察性研究的低確定性證據感到失望，這些研究極有可能出現反向因果關系。
WHO advised that the new recommendations encompassed “all synthetic and naturally occurring or modified non-nutritive sweeteners that are not classified as sugars found in manufactured foods and beverages, or sold on their own to be added to foods and beverages by consumers.” However, it does not apply to artificial sweeteners that are found in hygiene products, like toothpastes, skin creams or medications.
世衛組織表示，該建議中提到的“非糖甜味劑”包括了所有合成的、天然存在的或經過修飾的非營養性甜味劑，這些甜味劑不屬于加工食品和飲料中的糖，也不屬于消費者自行添加到食品和飲料的糖。但不適用于牙膏、護膚品、藥物等含有非糖甜味劑的衛生產品。
It also does not apply to “low-calorie sugars and sugar alcohols (polyols),” which are technically sugars or sugar byproducts that do contain calories.
該建議也不適用于"低熱量的糖和糖醇（多元醇）"，從技術上講，這些糖及其副產品確實含有熱量。
This is not the first time that non-sugar sweeteners have been at the forefront of a health debate.
這不是非糖甜味劑的健康性第一次受到關注。
Last year, a study found that artificial sweeteners could potentially cause diabetes because they can “alter the body’s microbes,” resulting in a change in blood sugar levels.
2022年，一項研究發現人造甜味劑可能會導致糖尿病，因其可以“改變人體腸道微生物環境”，從而導致血糖水平發生變化。
“In subjects consuming the non-nutritive sweeteners, we could identify very distinct changes in the composition and function of gut microbes and the molecules they secret into peripheral blood,” Eran Elinav, senior author and professor at the National German Cancer Center, told South West News Service at the time.
“德國國家癌癥中心高級研究院兼教授艾瑞·埃琳娜曾對英國西南新聞社表示：‘在食用非營養性甜味劑的受試者中，我們可以確定腸道微生物的組成和功能以及它們分泌到外周血中的分子發生了非常明顯的變化。’”
Another study out of the Medical College of Wisconsin last April found that these sugar substitutes could potentially affect the liver’s ability to detoxify itself.
2022年4月威斯康星醫學院的另一項研究發現，非糖甜味劑可能會影響肝臟解毒能力。
來源：紐約郵報
編輯：董靜，李蕙帆（實習）
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