評論
打印
Lauren Hodge: If you were going to a restaurant and wanted a healthier option, which would you choose, grilled or fried chicken? Now most people would answer grilled, and it's true that grilled chicken does contain less fat and fewer calories. However, grilled chicken poses a hidden danger. The hidden danger is heterocyclic amines -- specifically phenomethylimidazopyridine, or PhIP -- (laughter) which is the immunogenic or carcinogenic compound.
勞倫·霍奇:如果你去飯店，你想吃得健康一點，你會選擇哪種食品呢，烤雞還是炸雞？多數人都會選擇烤雞，的確，烤雞含有較少的脂肪和卡路里。但是，烤雞存在一個潛在的危險，這個潛在的危險是多環胺類——具體的來講，是phenomethylimidazopyridine, 或者簡稱為PhIP——是免疫原性或致癌物質的成分。
A carcinogen is any substance or agent that causes abnormal growth of cells, which can also cause them to metastasize or spread. They are also organic compounds in which one or more of the hydrogens in ammonia is replaced with a more complex group. Studies show that antioxidants are known to decrease these heterocyclic amines.
致癌物質是任何會導致細胞的異常增長，也會導致細胞的轉移和擴張的介質。它們也是有機物氨中的一個或多個氫被替換成更復雜的組成，研究顯示抗氧化劑能減少這些雜胺環。
However, no studies exist yet that show how or why. These here are five different organizations that classify carcinogens. And as you can see, none of the organizations consider the compounds to be safe, which justifies the need to decrease them in our diet. Now you might wonder how a 13 year-old girl could come up with this idea. And I was led to it through a series of events.
但是，現在還沒有研究顯示通過如何方式或者為什么。這是五個不同的組織對致癌物的分類。如同你所看到的，沒有任何一個組織認為該組成物是安全的，就是說我們需要在飲食中減少對它們的攝入。現在你可能會問一個13歲的女孩怎么會想到這一點。是一系列的事件將我引導至此的。
I first learned about it through a lawsuit I read about in my doctor's office -- which was between the Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine and seven different fast food restaurants. They weren't sued because there was carcinogens in the chicken, but they were sued because of California's Proposition 65, which stated that if there's anything dangerous in the products then the companies had to give a clear warning.
首先，是我在醫生那里聽到的一個訴訟案——是關于責任醫學委員會和七個不同的快餐店之間的訴訟。快餐店被告并不是因為在雞肉中有致癌物質，而是因為加利福尼亞州65號提案，提案要求如果產品中有任何有害成分，公司應該給出明確的警告。
So I was very surprised about this. And I was wondering why nobody knew more about this dangerous grilled chicken, which doesn't seem very harmful. But then one night, my mom was cooking grilled chicken for dinner, and I noticed that the edges of the chicken, which had been marinated in lemon juice, turned white.
我對此很驚訝，我很奇怪為什么沒有人知道有害烤雞，雖然它們看起來不那么有害。但是一天晚上，晚餐時我媽媽在烤雞，我注意到雞肉的邊緣，經過檸檬汁的浸泡，變白了。
And later in biology class, I learned that it's due to a process called denaturing, which is where the proteins will change shape and lose their ability to chemically function. So I combined these two ideas and I formulated a hypothesis, saying that, could possibly the carcinogens be decreased due to a marinade and could it be due to the differences in PH?
后來在生物課上，我學到這是由于一種叫變性的過程，就是蛋白質會改變形態，失去它們化學性功能。所以，我將兩種想法綜合在一起，創造了一個假說，那就是，因為酸堿度的改變，致癌物很可能因為腌泡汁的浸泡而降低？
So my idea was born, and I had the project set up and a hypothesis, so what was my next step? Well obviously I had to find a lab to work at because I didn't have the equipment in my school. I thought this would be easy, but I emailed about 200 different people within a five-hour radius of where I lived, and I got one positive response that said that they could work with me.
這就是我的想法誕生的過程，然后，我就有了項目的開展和假說，那么我的下一步呢？很明顯的，我要找到一家實驗室，因為我在學校沒有實驗設備。我以為這會很容易，但是我給200多個人寫郵件，那些人離我居住的地方開車5個小時的范圍內，我只得到了一個正面的回復，說愿意幫助我。
Most of the others either never responded back, said they didn't have the time or didn't have the equipment and couldn't help me. So it was a big commitment to drive to the lab to work multiple times. However, it was a great opportunity to work in a real lab -- so I could finally start my project.
更多的人要么根本不回復，說他們沒時間，要么就是沒有設備，幫不了我。所以說，這是一個很重的承諾，要多次開車去實驗室開展實驗。但是，這是一個可以在真正的實驗室工作的絕好機會——我也得以最終開始我的項目。
The first stage was completed at home, which consisted of marinating the chicken, grilling the chicken, amassing it and preparing it to be transported to the lab. The second stage was completed at the Penn State University main campus lab, which is where I extracted the chemicals, changed the PH so I could run it through the equipment and separated the compounds I needed from the rest of the chicken.
第一步是完全在家完成的，其中包括腌制雞肉，烤雞，收集樣本以及準備送到實驗室。第二步的完成是在賓州大的主校園實驗室，也就是我提取化學物質的地方，改變酸堿度，這樣我就可以通過設備從其余的雞肉中分離我所需的成分。
The final stages, when I ran the samples through a high-pressure liquid chromatography mass spectrometer, which separated the compounds and analyzed the chemicals and told me exactly how much carcinogens I had in my chicken. So when I went through the data, I had very surprising results, because I found that four out of the five marinating ingredients actually inhibited the carcinogen formation.
最后一步是，當我把樣本經過高壓液相色譜質譜儀，分開混和物質，并且分析其中的化學物質，于是我能很準確得知道在雞肉中有多少致癌物。當分析數據時，我發現了很驚人的結果，因為我發現五種腌制調料中有四種實際上能阻止致癌物的組成。
When compared with the unmarinated chicken, which is what I used as my control, I found that lemon juice worked by far the best, which decreased the carcinogens by about 98 percent. The saltwater marinade and the brown sugar marinade also worked very well, decreasing the carcinogens by about 60 percent.
當同沒有經過腌制的雞肉比較時，也就是我的控制樣本，我發現檸檬汁目前是最有效的，能降低致癌物達98%。鹽水腌制和紅糖腌制也同樣有效，能降低致癌物達60%。
Olive oil slightly decreased the PhIP formation, but it was nearly negligible. And the soy sauce results were inconclusive because of the large data range, but it seems like soy sauce actually increased the potential carcinogens.
橄欖油只能輕微的降低PhIP的組成，但是幾乎是微不足道的。醬油的實驗結果還是未知數。這是由于廣泛的數據范圍，但是看上去醬油實際上增加了潛在的致癌物。
Another important factor that I didn't take into account initially was the time cooked. And I found that if you increase the time cooked, the amount of carcinogens rapidly increases. So the best way to marinate chicken, based on this, is to, not under-cook, but definitely don't over-cook and char the chicken, and marinate in either lemon juice, brown sugar or saltwater.
另一個我沒有事先預計在內的重要因素就是燒烤時間。我發現如果增加燒烤時間，致癌物將飛速的增長，所以最好的腌制方式，根據這些（實驗結果）也就是，不要生煮，但是一定不要煮過頭和烤過頭，用檸檬汁，紅糖或者鹽水來腌制。
Based on these findings, I have a question for you. Would you be willing to make a simple change in your diet that could potentially save your life? Now I'm not saying that if you eat grilled chicken that's not marinated, you're definitely going to catch cancer and die. However, anything you can do to decrease the risk of potential carcinogens can definitely increase the quality of lifestyle.
根據這些發現，我有個問題想問你們。你們會愿意在你的飲食上做個簡單的改變，由此可能會拯救你的生命？我并不是說如果你吃沒有經過腌制的烤雞，你就一定會得癌癥然后死去。但是，你所做的任何事情來降低潛在致癌物質的幾率，就一定會增加你生活方式的質量。
Is it worth it to you? How will you cook your chicken now?
對你來說，這值得嗎? 現在你會怎么做雞肉呢？
Shree Bose: Hi everyone. I'm Shree Bose. I was the 17-18 year-old age category winner and then the grand prize winner. And I want all of you to imagine a little girl holding a dead blue spinach plant. And she's standing in front of you and she's explaining to you that little kids will eat their vegetables if they're different colors. Sounds ridiculous, right.
斯里·波色: 大家好，我是斯里·波色。我是17-18歲組的冠軍，也是大獎得主。我希望大家能想象一個小女孩拿著一個死亡的藍色菠菜。她就站在你面前，向你解釋其實小孩是會愿意吃蔬菜的，如果它們的顏色變得不同的話。這挺起來很不可思議，是吧。
But that was me years ago. And that was my first science fair project. It got a bit more complicated from there. My older brother Panaki Bose spent hours of his time explaining atoms to me when I barely understood basic algebra. My parents suffered through many more of my science fair projects, including a remote controlled garbage can.
但這是幾年前的我，那是我第一個科學展項目。從那以后就變得復雜了。我的哥哥帕納吉·波色花了很多時間跟我解釋原子，當我還對基本代數沒什么概念的時候。我的科學展項目給我的父母帶來了很多困擾，包括了一個遙控移動垃圾箱。
And then came the summer after my freshman year, when my grandfather passed away due to cancer. And I remember watching my family go through that and thinking that I never wanted another family to feel that kind of loss. So, armed with all the wisdom of freshman year biology, I decided I wanted to do cancer research at 15.
然后就迎來了我高一的暑假，也是我爺爺因為癌癥去世的時候。我記得看著家人們承受這些痛苦，想著我永遠都不要別的家庭也經受這種失去。所以，我用高一生物知識把自己武裝起來，在我15歲的時候，我決定研究癌癥。
Good plan. So I started emailing all of these professors in my area asking to work under their supervision in a lab. Got rejected by all except one. And then went on, my next summer, to work under Dr. Basu at the UNT Health Center at Fort Worth, Texas. And that is where the research began.
這是個很棒的計劃。所以，我開始向這個領域的所有教授寫信，詢問能否在他們的監督下在實驗室工作。除了一位，其它的全都拒絕了我。就這樣，在第二個暑假，在位于得克薩斯州華茲堡市的UNT健康中心，我開始了在巴蘇博士的指導下工作。這就是研究的開始。
So ovarian cancer is one of those cancers that most people don't know about, or at least don't pay that much attention to. But yet, it's the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths among women in the United States. In fact, one in 70 women will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer. One in 100 will die from it.
卵巢癌是大多數人所不了解的癌癥之一，或者至少說沒有怎么注意。但是，它是導致全美女性 死亡的第五大癌癥。實際上，在70位女性中就有一位會被確診為卵巢癌，在100位中就有一位會因此而死亡。
Chemotherapy, one of the most effective ways used to treat cancer today, involves giving patients really high doses of chemicals to try and kill off cancer cells. Cisplatin is a relatively common ovarian cancer chemotherapy drug -- a relatively simple molecule made in the lab that messes with the DNA of cancer cells and causes them to kill themselves. Sounds great, right?
順鉑是較常見的一種治療卵巢癌的藥——在實驗室中能合成的較簡單的分子，它能夠搗毀癌癥細胞的DNA，促使它們殺死它們自己。挺起來很棒，是吧？化療，是現今治療癌癥最有效的方式之一，包括給病患者高劑量的化學物質，意圖殺死癌癥細胞。
But here's the problem: sometimes patients become resistant to the drug, and then years after they've been declared to be cancer free, they come back. And this time, they no longer respond to the drug. It's a huge problem. In fact, it's one of the biggest problems with chemotherapy today.
但是有個問題: 有些時候，病人們會對藥產生抗藥性，許多年后，在癌癥被除去之后又重新患上。但是這次，病人們不會再對藥物產生反應。這是個大問題。實際上，這是現今化療所面臨的最大的問題之一。
So we wanted to figure out how these ovarian cancer cells are becoming resistant to this drug called Cisplatin. And we wanted to figure this out, because if we could figure that out, then we might be able to prevent that resistance from ever happening. So that's what we set out to do. And we thought it had something to do with this protein called AMP kinase, an energy protein.
我們想清楚的是卵巢癌細胞是如何對這種叫順鉑的藥產生抗藥性。我們之所以想知道這個，是因為如果我們把這個搞清楚了，我們可能可以預防抗藥性的發生。所以這就是我們要做的。我們認為跟一種叫做AMP的激酶蛋白有關，一種能量蛋白。
So we ran all of these tests blocking the protein, and we saw this huge shift. I mean, on the slide, you can see that on our sensitive side, these cells that are responding to the drug, when we start blocking the protein, the number of dying cells -- those colored dots -- they're going down. But then on this side, with the same treatment, they're going up -- interesting.
我們進行了很多實驗來阻止這種蛋白，我們發現了巨大的改變。我的意思是，在幻燈片上，你可以看到在我們敏感細胞里，這些對藥產生反應的細胞，當我們開始阻止這種蛋白，死亡細胞的數量，這些有顏色的點開始下降。但是，在這邊，同樣的治療方式，數量在上升，真有趣。
But those are dots on a screen for you; what exactly does that mean? Well basically that means that this protein is changing from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell. And in fact, it might be changing the cells themselves to make the cells resistant. And that's huge. In fact, it means that if a patient comes in and they're resistant to this drug, then if we give them a chemical to block this protein, then we can treat them again with the same drug.
但是那些你們看起來是屏幕上的點；到底有什么意義呢？基本上，這意味著這種蛋白在改變，從敏感細胞變為抵抗性細胞。實際上，可能是細胞自身在改變讓細胞自己變得具有抵抗性。它們有著巨大的抵抗力。實際上，這意味著如果病人他們對這種藥產生抗藥性，如果我們給他們這種化學物質來阻止這種蛋白，那么我們又可以用同樣的藥重新治療他們。
And that's huge for chemotherapy effectiveness -- possibly for many different types of cancer. So that was my work, and it was my way of reimagining the future for future research, with figuring out exactly what this protein does, but also for the future of chemotherapy effectiveness -- so maybe all grandfathers with cancer have a little bit more time to spend with their grandchildren.
對于化療的有效性來說這是巨大的改變，很可能對多種不同的癌癥有效。這就是我的工作，這就是我對未來的暢想，要弄清楚這種蛋白到底是什么，同時也是化療有效性的未來，或許所有患有癌癥的爺爺都能有更多的時間跟他們的孫子輩們在一起。
But my work wasn't just about the research. It was about finding my passion. That's why being the grand prize winner of the Google Global Science Fair -- cute picture, right -- it was so exciting to me and it was such an amazing honor. And ever since then, I've gotten to do some pretty cool stuff -- from getting to meet the president to getting to be on this stage to talk to all of you guys.
但是，我的工作并不僅僅是研究，還包括尋找我的夢想所在，那就是我為什么會成為谷歌科技展大獎的得主，很漂亮的照片，是吧，對于我來說是無比的興奮，無比的榮耀。從那以后，我能開始做很多很酷的東西，從能夠見到總統到能站在這個演講臺上跟大家講話。
But like I said, my journey wasn't just about the research, it was about finding my passion, and it was about making my own opportunities when I didn't even know what I was doing. It was about inspiration and determination and never giving up on my interest for science and learning and growing. After all, my story begins with a dried, withered spinach plant and it's only getting better from there.
但是就像我說過的，我的旅行并不僅僅是關于研究，也是關于我的夢想，當我都還不知道我在做什么的時候我如何制造機會，這就是靈感和決心以及從不放棄我對自然科學，學習，以及成長的興趣。不管怎樣，我的故事始于一顆干枯的，凋萎的菠菜，從那以后就開始變得越來越好。
Thank you.
謝謝大家
本文轉載自英文閱讀網，如有侵權，請聯系我們刪除。
